BIOL131 Study guide Chapter 3 -Key terms (You are not required to write them on
ID: 200060 • Letter: B
Question
BIOL131 Study guide Chapter 3 -Key terms (You are not required to write them on your study guide but it is encouraged!!) -What are the four macromolecules of life? (What is the monomer and polymer name (if any)? What type of bond/linkage is formed (if any)? 2-Describe the difference between unsaturated vs saturated fats (in terms of ydrogen-carbon make-up, bonds, physical state at room temperature) -What are the main features of any amino acid? A-Be able to recognize an amino acid and tell if the amino acid is acidic, basic, nonpolar, polar (You do not have to draw the structures) Describe the four levels of protein structure (i.e. primary, se -Nucleic acids u-What are the main components of a nucleotide? -7)-Which bases are purines? Which are pyrimidines? 8) -Recognize the nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uracil (you will not have to draw them) -Complementary base pairing (which base pairs with what) 1o) -Write complementary sequence of DNA in the correct orientation How does DNA differ from RNA in terms of structure?Explanation / Answer
1) A macromolecule is a large molecule. It is created by a form of polymerization or the process of forming polymer chains out of polymeric materials. Each molecule makes up most of the body, which contains these important polymeric materials. There are four fundamental types of macromolecules, which are essential for living.
a. Carbohydrates - Carbohydrates are one of the essential macromolecules for living. It is an organic compound, which consists of the atoms of oxygen, carbon and hydrogen. The most important carbohydrates to humans are glucose or sugar, carbohydrates known as monosaccharides. These sugars are the fundamental units of biologically important carbohydrates important for storing short-term and intermediate-term energy.
Glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is a type of covalent bond, which joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group.
b. Nucleic Acids - Nucleic acids are essential macromolecules for living. These acids are biological molecules, which include DNA and RNA. DNA contains the genetic information, which is used for the functioning and development of living organisms and for long-term genetic information storage. RNA is essential for converting a living organism’s genetic information from DNA into proteins.
In DNA and RNA, the phosphodiester bond is the linkage between the 3' carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5' carbon atom of another, deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA. Strong covalent bonds form between the phosphate group and two 5-carbon ring carbohydrates over two ester bonds.
c. Lipids - Lipids are essential macromolecules of life. They are a large group, which include fat-soluble vitamins, fats, sterols and waxes. The function of lipids is energy storage. Each type of lipid is energy rich due to its large number of carbon-hydrogen bonds. They store large numbers of calories in a small space. They are water-insoluble and are stored in the body’s cell in various ways. They are important for cell structure and regulate a person’s hormones and metabolism.
Triglycerides are lipids, which consist of one glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid molecules. The bonds between the molecules are covalent and are called Ester bonds.
d. Proteins - Proteins are macromolecules essential for life. They are complex organic compounds composed of amino acid polymers. They are important for building and maintaining the tissue and muscle in the body. After consumption of protein, the body uses the enzymes in the stomach to digest and break down the protein into amino acids. They act as structural units in the body’s cells. This affects a person’s memory, hormones, movements and metabolism.
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains. Proteins are linear polymers which are formed by linking the -carboxyl group of one amino acid to the -amino group of another amino acid with a peptide bond.
Related Questions
Navigate
Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.