please answer all the questions: Question 1 A stimulus for complement activation

Question

please answer all the questions:

Question 1

A stimulus for complement activation is generated when one of the complement factors undergoes a spontaneous reaction and fragmentation which leads to covalent linkage between a fragment of the complement factor and various other molecules. This process is greatly enhanced under what circumstance?

In the presence of bacteria

Early in the morning

After a meal

Prior to birth

Upon cantact with chemokines.

Question 2

Which of the following is a stimulus for complement activation?

Antigen bound to MHC

TNF

Soluble lectin receptors bound with pathogen carbohydrate structures

All of the above

None of the above

Question 3

One complement factor has the ability to directly opsonize pathogen. Which one?

C3a

C4a

C3b

C5b

None of the above

Question 4

Which one of the following is a soluble inflammatory mediator that is derived from membrane phospholipids?

Cytokines

Chemokines

Prostaglandins

Colony-stimulating factors

Complement

Question 5

In order for leukocyte rolling to occur along an endothelial surface, endothelial cells must be stimulated. What is one soluble inflammatory factor that can do this stimulation?

Histamine

IL-12

Antibody

TNF

Chemokine

Question 6

In order for leukocytes to adhere with high affinity to an endothelial surface, endothelial cells must stimulate those leukocytes with an inflammatory factor. What inflammatory factor?

Histamine

IL-12

Antibody

TNF

Chemokine

In the presence of bacteria

Early in the morning

Explanation / Answer

1. options first is correct

complement system are part of immune system and the complement system is activated by there any attack of pathogen

so here complement system is activated by bacteria.

2. option d is correct

all of the above options are correct

complement system is a complex process which is activated by the multiple activities of pathogen and immune system.

3.

c3b have tendency to optimise pathogens completely.

all of the complement proteins are involved in different Pathways like classical and alternative pathway of complement system.

4. option B is correct

chemokines are compound which is involved in the immune system activation

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