1. When scientists carry out an experiment, they are testing a ___________. a. T
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1. When scientists carry out an experiment, they are testing a ___________. a. Theory b. Question c. Hypothesis d. Control e. Variable 2. When is a hypothesis considered scientific? a. when it is based on something other than observation b. when it can be tested and is refutable c. when it relies on anecdotal evidence d. when it relies on mystical explanations e. All hypotheses are considered scientific until experiments determine otherwise. 3. Of the following, which is the earliest step in the scientific process? a. generating a hypothesis b. analyzing data c. conducting an experiment d. drawing a conclusion e. developing a question based on an observation or on scientific theories. 4. In a controlled experiment, which group receives the placebo? a. the experimental group b. the control group c. the dependent group d. the independent group e. all groups 5. In the studies of coffee and memory discussed, the independent variable is __________ and the dependent variable is _______________. a. caffeinated coffee; decaffeinated coffee b. memory; caffeinated coffee c. caffeine; memory d. memory; caffeine e. decaffeinated coffee; caffeinated coffee 6. Use the following information for the question below:You conduct a clinical trial to test whether a new drug relieves the symptoms of arthritis better than a placebo. You have four groups of participants, all of whom have mildly painful arthritis (rated 7 on a scale of 1 to 10). Each group receives a daily pill as follows: control (group 1)—placebo; group 2—15 mg; group 3—25 mg; group 4—50 mg. At the end of 2 weeks, participants in each group are asked to rate their pain on a scale of 1 to 10.
What is the independent variable in this experiment? a. the amount of pain experienced at the start of the experiment b. the different drug treatment groups c. the degree to which pain symptoms changed between the start and the end of the experiment d. the drug itself e. The independent variable could be a, b, or c. 7. In which of the following would you have the most confidence? a. a clinical trial with 15,000 subjects b. a randomized clinical trial with 15,000 subjects c. an epidemiological study with 15,000 subjects d. an endorsement of a product by a movie star e. a report on a study presented by a news organization 8. What is the importance of statistical analyses? a. They can reveal whether or not the data have been fabricated. b. They can only be used to support the hypothesis. c. They can be used to determine whether any observed differences between two groups are real or a result of chance. d. all of the above e. b and c 9. You conduct a clinical trial to test whether a new drug relieves the symptoms of arthritis better than a placebo. You have four groups of participants, all of whom have mildly painful arthritis (rated 7 on a scale of 1 to 10). Each group receives a daily pill as follows: control (group 1)—placebo; group 2—15 mg; group 3—25 mg; group 4—50 mg. At the end of 2 weeks, participants in each group are asked to rate their pain on a scale of 1 to 10.
What is your next step? a. Invest in the drug company. b. Conclude that the drug relieves arthritis pain. c. Run a statistical analysis to determine if the differences are significant. d. Conclude that the drug doesn't work very well. e. a and b 10. You hear a news report about a new asthma treatment. What would you want to know before you asked your doctor if this treatment was right for you? a. Was the drug tested in a randomized clinical trial? b. How many participants were in the trial? c. Was there a statistically significant difference between the effect of the new drug and the treatment used in the control group? d. In what populations were the clinical trials conducted? e. all of the above 11. You are listening to a news report that claims a new study has found convincing evidence that a particular weight-loss product is much more effective than diet and exercise. Which of the following constitutes "convincing" evidence in this case? a. The study has a hypothesis. b. Statistical tests showed significantly more weight loss in the participants who used the weight-loss product than those who relied on diet and exercise. c. All the participants lost at least 10 pounds. d. Only the participants who used the weight-loss product lost weight. e. The participants who used the weight-loss product lost an average of 3 pounds, while the participants who used diet and exercise lost an average of 2 pounds. 12. How can two different studies investigating the same thing (e.g., the relationship, if any, between caffeinated coffee and memory) come to different conclusions? a. They may have had different sample sizes. b. They may have used different types of participants (e.g., participants of different ages or professions). c. They may have used different amounts of caffeine. d. They may have evaluated memory differently (e.g., long-term vs. short-term memory). e. all of the above 13. A close friend has joined a clinical trial. When you ask her about the types of treatment she might be given, she tells you it will be randomly assigned and that neither she nor the doctor running the trial will know until the process has been completed. What type of trial has she joined? a. peer reviewed b. randomized c. epidemiological d. unsafe e. theoretical 14. Can an epidemiologist who finds a correlation between the use of tanning beds and melanoma (an aggressive form of skin cancer) in college-age women conclude that tanning beds cause skin cancer? a. Yes, as long as the correlation was statistically significant. b. Yes, but only for college-age women. c. Yes, but only melanoma skin cancer, not other forms of skin cancer. d. No, the correlation would have to hold with males and females and in different age groups. e. No, correlation is not proof of causation. 1. When scientists carry out an experiment, they are testing a ___________. a. Theory b. Question c. Hypothesis d. Control e. Variable
Explanation / Answer
1.
When scientists carry out an experiment, they are testing a hypothesis.
Experiments are done to test hypothesis formed.
Option c
2.
A hypothesis is considered scientific when the hypothesis is testable and be refutable.
Option b
3.
First one needs to observe and then make hypothesis based on the observation.
Option e
4.
In a controlled experiment, a placebo is given to control groups.
Option b
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