Trow cao stdeine the onowing types of symbiotic interactions? [2 points (a) Betw

Question

Trow cao stdeine the onowing types of symbiotic interactions? [2 points (a) Between glomeromycetes and plant roots (b) Between microsporidians and host cells 2. Which reaction is inhibited by penicillin? [1 pointl 3. What is the ultimate stage of the sexual life cycle of fungi leading to the production of haploid spores? [1 point] 4. Mention one characteristic that distinguishes Fungi from Animals? [I point] 5. Which type of immune response is stimulated by vaccination? I1 point 6. Which type of immune cells requires presentation of molecules by MHCs for antigen recognition? [1 point) 7. Mention one type of viral structure that can be recognized by a TLR? [I point] 8. Which are the two types of molecules that bind the surface of pathogens and are recognized by receptors on phagocytic cells during the process of opsonization? [2 points]

Explanation / Answer

1. a) glomeromycetes are fungi that lives in a symbiotic relationship with land plants to form structures called arbuscular mycorrhizae. This type of symbiosis is termed mutualistic because the fungus and host plant both benefit from this intimate association. The fungal sunburnt receives carbohydrates from the plant in exchange for functioning as an extended root system, there by dramatically improving mineral uptake by the plant roots.

b) Microsporidia are unicellular eukaryotes, which are obligate intracellular parasites that cannot live independently outside of their host cell environment. Microsporidia depend on host cells entirely for their metabolic requirements.

2) Pencillin antibiotic blocks the last step in the formation of cell wall. Glycopeptide transpeptidase is a bacterial enzyme that catalyses the cross linking reactionreactiob between peptidoglycan molecules, which are major constituents of cell wall. Pencilling inhibits enzyme by binding covalently to it's active site.

3) Sporophyte

4) Beta glucans is the main difference between fungi and animals. They are present in the cell wall of fungi.

5) Artificial active immunity ( acquired humoral immunity)

6) T - lymphocytes

7) Double stranded RNA, CpG DNA , single stranded RNA and envelope glycoproteins.

8) IgG, C3b

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