Please proofread the following text (i.e. grammar and vocabulary) in an answer t

Question

Please proofread the following text (i.e. grammar and vocabulary) in an answer to the question, "Outline.any.evidence.or.theory.that suggests.that.the.Theory.of.Relativity.is.incorrect.or.incomplete." Please give me suggestions if you disagree scientifically.

Early in the 19th century, Albert Einstein published his theory of relativity which is founded on the idea that only relative motion can be measured. The consequences of this notion are profound. It shattered the Newtonian conception of the world. However, as powerful as it is, Einstein's theory of relativity is still incomplete.

Recently, an international team of scientists at CERN, the European Organisation for Nuclear Research, reported on Thursday, the 22nd of September 2011, that they had recorded sub-atomic particles known as neutrinos travelling faster than the speed of light by about .0025 percent. Although Einstein's theory of relativity allows the possibility that a particle is born with a speed greater than light, it states that the light-speed barrier cannot be crossed. The speed of light set as an absolute upper limit on motion, the fastest that anything can travel, represents the backbone of Einstein's 1905 special theory of relativity. Thus, the discovery of neutrinos' faster-than-light speeds by itself already violates important concepts of the relativity theory.

Implications of the special theory of relativity such as time dilation, length contraction and mass change all work based on assuming that light is the ultimate speed in the universe. So neutrinos exceeding this speed will not satisfy formulas derived using the theory of relativity, making the theory incomplete and incorrect. For example, using neutrinos' speed, v, the lorentz factor (? = 1/v(1-v^2/c^2 )) would be an imaginary quantity as the ratio of v^2/c^2 >1.

One consequence of this is that according to the theory of relativity, the neutrinos mass would be imaginary which is not a physical measurable.

In addition, according to the theory of relativity, it takes an infinite amount of energy to make anything go faster than light which is something that cannot be achieved. This contradicts with the new findings.

However, it must be noted that the scientists are saying that there is still room for uncertainty in the departure time of neutrinos as there is no neutrino detector on the end of the line. The only method to calculate this time is to extrapolate from data on the blob of protons used to produce them.

In another study, physicists speculate that these neutrinos did not in fact violate relativity; they simply travelled through another dimension in which the distance they travelled to the detector was much shorter. However this means that this dimension was not taken into account in the relativity theory, showing that it is incomplete.

Studies over the years showed that Einstein theory of general relativity and Quantum mechanics, which have quite different domains, are incompatible. General relativity describes the force of gravity and hence it is most relevant in describing massive objects and structures such as galaxies stars, black holes and even, in cosmology, the universe itself. Quantum mechanics, however, is most noticeable when dealing with smallest structures in the universe such as electrons and quarks. Calculation made which simultaneously uses both of these fundamental theories produces nonsensical answers indicating that the two theories are mutually incompatible. Eventually something has to change.

Scientists found that the string theory is the most promising in reconciling the phenomena of Relativity and Quantum Theory; solving the deep problem of the incompatibility of the these fundamental theories. This is suggested to be done by modifying the properties of general relativity when it is applied to minute distance scales on the order of 10-33 cm - the Planck length.

In another study concerning quantum mechanics, scientists were investigating quantum tunnelling: a phenomena which permits sub-atomic particles to break apparently unbreakable laws. In one of the experiments conducted, microwave photons travelled "instantaneously" between a pair of prisms set up to 3 feet apart. If this experiment is confirmed, then the speed of light is no longer the ultimate speed in Universe leading to wide variety of bizarre consequences.

The substantial evidence provided suggests that the theory of relativity could be incomplete or incorrect. Many other theories and suggestions exist today that have adopted the idea of refuting the theory of relativity. In many cases, however, the evidence are uncertain. In fact, many of the claims are made due to a misunderstanding of the theory itself.

Explanation / Answer

Here we go:
Nice paper; here are my comments and suggestions. Good luck.

Early in the 19th century (comment: I’d say it was early 20th century), Albert Einstein published his theory of relativity which is founded on the idea that only relative motion can be measured (Comment: It is founded on idea that speed of motion is limited to the speed of light; with that in mind relative inertial frame of reference become instruments of analysis) . The consequences of this notion are profound. It shattered the Newtonian conception of the world. However, as powerful as it is, Einstein's Theory of Relativity is still incomplete.

Recently, an international team of scientists at CERN, the European Organisation for Nuclear Research, reported on Thursday, the 22nd of September 2011, that they had recorded sub-atomic particles known as neutrinos travelling faster than the speed of light by about .0025 percent. Although Einstein's theory of relativity allows the possibility that a particle is born with a speed greater than light, it states that the light-speed barrier cannot be crossed. The speed of light set as an absolute upper limit on motion, the fastest that anything can travel, represents the backbone of Einstein's 1905 special theory of relativity. Thus, the discovery of neutrinos' faster-than-light speeds by itself already violates important concepts of the relativity theory.

Implications of the special theory of relativity such as time dilation, length contraction and mass change all work based on assuming that light is the ultimate speed in the universe. So neutrinos exceeding this speed will not satisfy formulas derived using the theory of relativity, making the theory incomplete and incorrect. For example, using neutrinos' speed, v, the lorentz factor (? = 1/v(1-v^2/c^2 )) would be an imaginary quantity as the ratio of v^2/c^2 >1. (Comment: good argument).

One consequence of this is that according to the Theory of Relativity, the neutrinos mass would be imaginary which is not a physically measurable quantity.

In addition, according to the Theory of Relativity, it takes an infinite amount of energy to make anything go faster than light which is something that cannot be achieved. This contradicts with the new findings.

(May I suggest - This contradicts new findings.)

However, it must be noted that the scientists are saying that there is still room for uncertainty in the departure time of neutrinos as there is no neutrino detector on the end of the line. The only method to calculate this time is to extrapolate from data on the blob of protons used to produce them.

In another study, physicists speculate that these neutrinos did not in fact violate relativity; they simply travelled through another dimension in which the distance they travelled to the detector was much shorter. However this means that this dimension was not taken into account in the relativity theory, showing that it is incomplete.(Comment: this may need work. What is that other dimention? is it the fifth dimension?)

Studies over the years showed that Einstein theory of General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics (Comment: keep capitalized or not but be cobsistent. I capitalized you may or may not.) , which have quite different domains, are incompatible. General relativity describes the force of gravity and hence it is most relevant in describing massive objects and structures such as galaxies stars, black holes and even, in cosmology, the universe itself. Quantum mechanics, however, is most noticeable when dealing with smallest structures in the universe such as electrons and quarks. Calculation made which simultaneously uses both of these fundamental theories produces nonsensical answers indicating that the two theories are mutually incompatible. Eventually something has to change to allow these theories to coexist in harmony.

Scientists found that the String Theory is the most promising in reconciling the phenomena of Relativity and Quantum Theory; solving the deep problem of the incompatibility of the these fundamental theories. This is suggested to be done by modifying the properties of general relativity when it is applied to minute distance scales on the order of 10E-33 cm - the Planck length. (Plank's Length is actually 1.616 E-35 m )

In another study concerning quantum mechanics, scientists were investigating quantum tunnelling: a phenomena which permits sub-atomic particles to break apparently unbreakable laws. In one of the experiments conducted, microwave photons travelled "instantaneously" between a pair of prisms set up to 3 feet apart. If this experiment is confirmed, then the speed of light is no longer the ultimate speed in Universe leading to wide variety of bizarre consequences.

The substantial evidence provided suggests that the Theory of Relativity could be incomplete or incorrect. Many other theories and suggestions exist today that have adopted the idea of refuting the Theory of Relativity. In many cases, however, the evidences are uncertain. In fact, many of the claims are made due to a misunderstanding of the Theory of Relativity itself.

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