.E Normal 1 No Spac.. Heading 1 Heading 2 Paragraph Styles 21 What is epithelial
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.E Normal 1 No Spac.. Heading 1 Heading 2 Paragraph Styles 21 What is epithelial-mesenchymal transition? (1 point) What changes at molecular level transform the epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells? (Short answer) (2 points) 22 Which of the following is NOT a characteristics of morphogens? (1 point) A Morphogens are diffusible molecules that can determine the fate of a cell by its concentration gradient B. When cells are exposed to different level of morphogens, different group of genes are activated C: Morphogens are either transcription factors or paracrine factors D: The concentration gradient of a morphogen is solely controlled by how much morphogens the source cell produces 23. What are the 4 major families of morphogens? (Short answer) (2 points) 24. (Fill in blank) Signal transduction cascades are initiated by paracrine factors binding to their and composed a series of reactions, which eventually lead to the end points: regulation of and/or cytoskeleton. (3 points) 25. T/F. Internalization of a receptor and ligand-receptor complex is one of the mechanisms to terminate a signal transduction. (1 point) 26. T/F. A difference between primary cilia and motile cilia is that the primary cilia can serve as signal reception center for the cels, while the motile cilla can move external particles on the surface of the cells. (1 point) D (Ctri) -Explanation / Answer
21. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a mechanism by which the epithelial cells lose its polarity and cell to cell adhesion property gaining new characteristics of migratory and invasive property to become mesenchymal stem cells. These stem cells are multipotent in nature and can give rise to varieties of cell types.
One of the major molecular event taking place during the transition of an epithelial cell to mesenchymal cells is a loss of function of E- cadherin. The Snail 1 / snail 2 family binds to the promoter region and suppress its transcription. The Ras MAPK pathway is directly involved in inducing higher concentration of
Snail 1 / snail 2 proteins during EMT. Another prominent marker vimentin is upregulated and is found in mesenchymal cells where wnt pathways play a role in inducing SNAIL and promoting the transformation.
22.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of morphogens?
Correct option:
23.
Four major families of morphogens are:
25. Ture
26. Ture
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