Fill in the blanks with the correct word, words or phrases that correctly comple
ID: 195797 • Letter: F
Question
Fill in the blanks with the correct word, words or phrases that correctly complete the sentences.
Energy is the capacity to do _______________ and, or generate _______________. In order to more easily understand energy, we simplify the universe into two parts. The part we are interested in, the chemical reaction whose energy we are interested in, is called the _______________. Everything else in the universe is called the _______________. If energy enters the chemical reaction the process is termed _______________. On the other hand, if energy is given off by the chemical reaction the process it termed _______________.
Energy is thought of being in either of two inter-convertible forms. Stored energy is called _______________ energy, whereas, the energy of motion is called _______________ energy. The three types of motion are: _______________, _______________ and _______________.
If a reaction results in products that have more energy than the reactants, the reaction is _______________. If a reaction results in products with _______________ energy than the reactants, the reaction is exergonic.
A _______________ is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and is not changed in the process. It does so by lowering the _______________ of the reaction. A protein catalyst is called an _______________.
Protein catalysts can be regulated by interfering with the part of the protein that interacts with the substrate(s) [reactant(s)], this is called __________________________ inhibition. Inhibition by a substance that binds to a site other than the site where substrates binds is called _______________ inhibition.
In a multi-step metabolic pathway each step is catalyzed by a protein catalyst. If the end product can inhibit earlier steps in the process, that is called ____________________ inhibition.
Cell membranes are made of a _______________ bilayer. The _______________ head group of the membrane interacts with the aqueous inner and outer surfaces. The _______________ tail groups of the membrane interact with each half of the bilayer, sandwiched in between the head groups.
The three molecules that can easily cross the cell membrane are: _______________ _______________ and _______________. Compounds that are too large or _______________ or both have to find other ways of crossing the cell membrane.
The two types of membrane transport are: _______________ transport and _______________ transport. A major difference between these types of transport is that _______________ transport does not require an external energy source but _______________ transport does. The external energy that moves substances against a concentration gradient is supplied by the molecule _______________. _______________ transport relies on the differences in concentration between the inside and the outside of the membrane. This difference in concentration is called a concentration _______________. _______________ is the simplest forms of passive transport and does not need a protein channel. _______________ is the passive transport that does require a protein channel. _______________ is the diffusion of water.
A _______________ is also required in the transport process that requires an external energy source to “pump” substances across a membrane.
A solution that has a higher concentration of salt (and therefore a lower concentration of water) compared to a cell is called _______________.
A solution that has the same concentration of salt (and therefore the same concentration of water) as a cell is called _______________.
A solution that has a lower concentration of salt (and therefore a higher concentration of water) compared to a cell is called _______________.
Photosynthesis is cellular process in which _______________ and _________________ are converted into _______________ and _______________. This process occurs in the membrane bound organelle called the _______________; and the initial energy is provided by the _______________.
Photosynthesis is considered to occur in two phases:
I _______________
II _______________
The first phase of photosynthesis takes place specifically within the _______________ (a specific location of the membrane bound organelle mentioned above). The first reaction involves sunlight and enzymes breaking apart 2 water molecules into _______________, _______________ and _______________. The reaction is called _______________. _______________is a light harvesting molecule that gives plants their green color. The flow of charge through membrane bound proteins attracts _______________ ions into the inside of the _______________. This flow establishes a _______________ gradient across the membrane. Another membrane bound protein channel/enzyme can ‘tap’ into this gradient and produce _______________; this molecule is the energy ‘currency’ of the cell. To complete this part of photosynthesis the charges that flow through the membrane bound protein are given to the election transporter molecule _______________ to make _______________. The _______________ and _______________ produced in phase I are used to convert _______________ into glucose in Phase II. These _______________ reactions occur in the _______________ (location within the membrane-bound organelle) the _______________ cycle has an already formed 5 carbon carbohydrate that accepts an inorganic _______________ molecule, thereby ‘fixing’ the inorganic carbon into an organic form. Through a series enzymatic reactions this 6 Carbon organic carbohydrate is broken up into two _______________ carbon molecules. Half go on to complete the cycle (are recycled) and the other half go into a multistep process to make _______________. Since photosynthetic organisms can produce their cellular energy alone, without relying on eating someone else, they are referred to a ___________________-trophs.
Cellular respiration is considered to occur in three phases:
I _______________
II_______________
III_______________
The first phase of Cellular Respiration is called _______________. In it, Glucose, a 6 carbon _______________ (name of the biomolecule category it is in) is eventually broken up into two molecules of _______________. Also produced are _______________ and the electron carrier _______________. This phase takes place in the _______________ (cellular location).
The second phase of Cellular Respiration starts with the _______________ from the first phase losing a CO2 as it is converted into a molecule of _______________. This molecule then enters the _______________ Cycle. Here, through a series of enzymatically catalyzed reactions, more molecules of _______________ are released and molecules of _______________ and _______________ are produced that are used in the last phase of Cellular Respiration. The _______________ Cycle takes place in the _______________ of the _______________ (cellular location).
The final phase of Cellular Respiration is called _______________, and takes place in the _______________ of the _______________ (cellular location). Electrons carried by _______________ are passed to membrane bound proteins that attract _______________ ions establishing a concentration _______________. The membrane bound protein channel/enzyme, _______________, can ‘tap’ into this concentration _______________ and produce _______________ from _______________ and _______________.
The terminal electron acceptor in this phase is _______________, which is converted into _______________.
If an organism can’t complete Cellular Respiration due to a lack of a terminal electron acceptor, glycolysis can still go on and _______________ can be produced. But in order for electron carriers to be recycled, pyruvate can be converted into lactic acid, acetic acid or _______________ (depending on the type of organism). This anaerobic respiration is called _______________.
Explanation / Answer
1. Energy is the capacity to do work or generate heat
2. The part we are interested in, is called the system and everything else is called the surroundings.
3. If energy enters the chemical reaction, the process is termed as endothermic
4. On the other hand, if energy is given out, the process is termed as exothermic.
5. Stored energy is called potential energy, whereas, the energy of motion is called kinetic energy.
6. The three types of motion are, linear motion, rotational motion, and vibratory motion.
7. If a reaction results in products that have more energy than the reactants, the reaction is endergonic.
8. If a reaction results in products with lower energy than the reactants, the reaction is exergonic.
9. A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and is not changed in the process.
10. It does so by lowering the activation energy of the reaction.
11. A protein catalyst is called an enzyme.
12. Protein catalysts can be regulated by interfering with the part of the protein that interacts with the substrate(s) [reactant(s)], this is called competitive inhibition.
13. Inhibition by a substance that binds to a site other than the site where substrates binds is called allosteric inhibition.
14. In a multi-step metabolic pathway each step is catalyzed by a protein catalyst. If the end product can inhibit earlier steps in the process, that is called feedback inhibition.
15. Cell membranes are made of a phospholipid bilayer.
16. The hydrophilic head group of the membrane interacts with the aqueous inner and outer surfaces.
17. The hydrophobic tail groups of the membrane interact with each half of the bilayer, sandwiched in between the head groups.
18. The three molecules that can easily cross the cell membrane are: oxygen, carbon dioxide and uncharged lipids.
19. Compounds that are too large or charged or both have to find other ways of crossing the cell membrane.
20. The two types of membrane transport are: active transport and passive transport.
21. A major difference between these types of transport is that passive transport does not require an external energy source but active transport does.
22. The external energy that moves substances against a concentration gradient is supplied by the molecule ATP.
23. Passive transport relies on the differences in concentration between the inside and the outside of the membrane.
24. This difference in concentration is called a concentration gradient.
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