1. consider opsonins. a. what is the genral function of opsonins? b. What cell(s

Question

1. consider opsonins.

a. what is the genral function of opsonins?

b. What cell(s) has its function altered by opsonins?

C, How does the above cell physically interact with opdonins? In other words, d. how does the cell detect the presence of opsonins? Give an example of an opsonin derived from innate immunity ?

d. Give an example of an opsonin dereived from adaptive immunity?

2. activation of complement leads to several major activaties agains pathogen. For the complement factors listed beloe, indicate what the anti pathogen actitivy is.

a. C3A AND C5A :

b. C3B :

c. C5B :

d. MAC :

3 .naive mature b cells migrate into lymph nodes via the high endothelial venules. To what region within the lymph node will they migrate first?

4. binding of antibodies to Fc receptors on cells is usually dependent upon the antibody having been bound to antigen first. This is not the case for on type of antibody when it binds to its Fc receptor.

a. what type of cell express this Fc receptor ?

b. what is the advantage for this cell of binding to an antibody before the c. antibody binds to its antigen?

5. complement can be activated via three different pathways, shown below. For each pathway, indicate what the stimulus is for C’ activation.

a. classical.

b. alternative

c. lectin

6.interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta have similar function. What isthat function?

7.why does increased vascular permeability enhance the function of lymph nodes?

8. in peyre’s patches, what is the function of M cells?

9. what is a physical and visible hallmark of inflammation that is evidence of increased vascular permeability?

10. consider the behavior of naive T cells as being driven by a clock. They do something for a period of time, and then switch to doing something else.

during that two week period before they die, what can change the preprogrammed fate of those cells?

11.Consider the figure above that shows time on the X axis and number of antigen-specific adaptive immune cells on the Y axis. This figure provides a general accounting of an adaptive immune response that can be broken down into five stages.

what is happening to cells after stage 2 to cause a reduction of cell numbers?

Sometimes (usually rarely), the number of antigen-specific cells does not decline as shown in stages 3 & 4. Consider the underlying reason for the normal decline in cell number and propose a scenario in which the normal decline would not happen.

Phases of adaptive immune responses Contraction Activation phase Antigen Recognition phase elimination (homeostasis) y Memory Antibody producing. Effector T cell | Elimination lymphocyte of antigens Differentiation Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity Surviving memory cells Antigen presenting cell Apoptosis Clonal expansion Naive T lymphocyte Naive B lymphocyte Days after antigen exposure 7 Need for proliferation and differentiation results in delay (typically 4-7 days) in the adaptive immune response

Explanation / Answer

A. Function of opsonin is to Mark an antigen and make it more susceptible to phagocytosis.

B. Macrophages, natural killer cells, neutrophiles.

C. Cell membranes of a microbe and of a macrophage, both have negative charges. This prevents two cells to come in close proximity. When opsonins bind to antigen on microbe, they boost the kinetics for phagocytosis. Opsonins bind to the surface receptor on immune cells.

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