1.Resistance to infection with what type of pathogen is most commonly enhanced b
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Question
1.Resistance to infection with what type of pathogen is most commonly enhanced by type I interferons ?
2.What cytokine, produced only by NK cells or T cells, can greatly enhance macrophage production of nitric oxide?
3. Consider the figure above that shows time on the X axis and number of antigen-specific adaptive immune cells on the Y axis. This figure provides a general accounting of an adaptive immune response that can be broken down into five stages.
a. what is happening to cells after stage 2 to cause a reduction of cell numbers?
b. Sometimes (usually rarely), the number of antigen-specific cells does not decline as shown in stages 3 & 4. Consider the underlying reason for the normal decline in cell number and propose a scenario in which the normal decline would not happen.
4. consider the behavior of naive T cells as being driven by a clock. They do something for a period of time, and then switch to doing something else.
a. after first being released into the blood , naïve mature T cells migrate in and out of secondary lymphoid tissues for about two weeks and then they die. What are they doing before they die?
b. during that two week period before they die, what can change the
5. some cytokines are called chemokine because they share what one common affect on immune cell behavior ?
6. consider opsonins.
a. what is the genral function of opsonins?
b. What cell(s) has its function altered by opsonins?
c. How does the above cell physically interact with opdonins? In other words, how does the cell detect the presence of opsonins? Give an example of an opsonin derived from innate immunity ?
d. Give an example of an opsonin dereived from adaptive immunity?
7. activation of complement leads to several major activaties agains pathogen. For the complement factors listed beloe, indicate what the anti pathogen actitivy is.
C3A AND C5A :
C3B :
C5B :
MAC :
8 .naive mature b cells migrate into lymph nodes via the high endothelial venules. To what region within the lymph node will they migrate first?
9. binding of antibodies to Fc receptors on cells is usually dependent upon the antibody having been bound to antigen first. This is not the case for on type of antibody when it binds to its Fc receptor.
a. what type of cell express this Fc receptor ?
b. what is the advantage for this cell of binding to an antibody before the antibody binds to its antigen?
10. complement can be activated via three different pathways, shown below. For each pathway, indicate what the stimulus is for C’ activation.
a. classical.
b. alternative
c. lectin
11.interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta have similar function. What isthat function?
12.why does increased vascular permeability enhance the function of lymph nodes?
13. in peyre’s patches, what is the function of M cells?
14. what is a physical and visible hallmark of inflammation that is evidence of increased vascular permeability?
ntigen recogniton Lymphooyc art ao- CortractiznMmory Menory Ciflerant iian Humen mmun ty mmun ty Apopk Clorel NE TExplanation / Answer
1. - Viral infections
2- IFN- gamma enhances the production of nitric oxide
3- the image is not clear
4- a - T cells have the function of inducing programmed cell death. So, they wander around and if any infected cells are found they induce death in it. The process of exposing the T cells to non-self antigens is called antigen presentation. So before dying they are antigen presented and if found non-self they initiate the programmed cell death
b- incomplete question
5- The chemokines are cytokines that can induce directed chemotaxis response in the nearby responsive cells. Because of this property to induce chemotaxis they are named chemokines.
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