week 7: Reproduc × Google Docs yu.instructure.com/courses/21373/discussion_topic
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week 7: Reproduc × Google Docs yu.instructure.com/courses/21373/discussion_topics/538580 high-risk complications? Was an episiotomy performed? If so, what type? What degrees of episiotomies are possible, and what do they signify? (C) What were the baby's Apgar scores? What does an Apgar score represent? What were Elena's discharge instructions? For the Week 7 discussion, please go the A.D.A.M. Interactive Encyclopedia index and select CANCER-testes. 2. Read the article on testicular cancer and address the following questions (A) In which age group and race does testicular cancer most commonly occur? What are the two main types of testicular cancer and how are they different? What is "staging." and what are the three stages for determining the spread of testicular CA? (B) Click on Tests for testicular self-exam (right-hand comer of the web page) In 100 words or less, summarize how the self-exam is performed acenExplanation / Answer
2)
Ans A) Testicular cancer is a cancer of the testis and the exact causes or factors for the same are not know. However, according to age or race or ethnicity, some individuals are more prone to it. When we talk about age, 90% of the patients suffering from the cancer start suffering from the same as an adult mostly under the age of 54. It is less common for children or older men to be suffering from the cancer. In terms of race, the risk of getting the cancer is higher in Caucasians as compared to African men and Asians. It is more commonly seen in United States and Europe and less common in Asia and Africa.
There are two types of testicular cancer:
Seminoma – The seminoma type tend to grow and spread slowly as compared to non-seminomas. There are two sub-types within it which are classic seminoma and spermatocytic seminoma. The former is more common and occurs mostly within the age group of 25 and 45. The later is rare and is more common in older men. It tends to grow very slowly and spreading is less likely.
Non-seminoma – These are the tumor of germ cell and are more commonly observed in men between their late teens and early 30S. It consists majorly of three types which are :-
Embryonal carcinoma – They appear like tissues of early embryo and tend to grow very rapidly with quick spreading outside the testicle. The occurrence rate is around 40%.
Yolk sac carcinoma – The cells of such carcinoma looks like yolk sac present in the early human embryo. It is more common in children but rare.
Choriocarcinoma – It is rare type of carcinoma and is present in adults. It tends to spread quickly throughout the distant organs like lungs, bones and brain. It increases the level of human chorionic gonadotropin enzyme.
Teratoma – It is germ cell tumors and it looks like the three layers of germs cell during the formation of an embryo.
Staging – It is a process of diagnosing at which stage the cancer has reached and how far has it spread in the body. It helps in determining how serious is the cancer. There are three stages of testicular cancer.
Stage I - During this stage, the tumor has grown beyond the seminiferous tubules and also outside the testicle and spread through the nearby structures. In this case, the cancer is yet to be spread in the nearby lymph nodes or other distant part of the body.
Stage II – In this stage, the tumor has most likely grown outside of the testicles and at times is difficult to even access. During this stage, the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes and not to the far away distant organs.
Stage III – The tumor has mostly likely grown outside of the testicles or maybe not. It might spread to the lymph nodes. However, it has spread to the distant parts of the body.
2)
You can self examine for the presence of testicular cancer. There will be changes in the testicles. It can be done after a warm shower as the testicular parts is relaxed and makes the exam easier. Stand in front of the mirror and check for scrotal skin swelling. Place the finger the the testicle and gently roll the thumb to feel any lumps or irregularities on the surface. There is a epididymis, just feel the structure for any irregularity.
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