56. Choose 2 of the following 5 choices to answer. Indicate below which letter (
ID: 193145 • Letter: 5
Question
56. Choose 2 of the following 5 choices to answer. Indicate below which letter (a, b, c etc.) you are answering then provide a complete answer for your choice. 5 pts each a. Down Syndrome can be caused by trisomy 21 or by a Robertsonian translocation. Explain specifically how each of these mutations can happen in the cell, and why both cause the symptoms of Down Syndrome. b. What are the three germ layers called? Give an example of a tissue type in each germ layer. In which specific stage of development do the three germ layers form? Finally, explain HOW these tissues become different from one another (what happens in the cell), when they all arose from the same fertilized egg c. How can chromosomal inversions result in a disease, if all of the genes are still present? Specifically describe what an inversion is, and how it is different from other chromosomal mutations (deletion, duplication, translocation). d. What is a new treatment for cancer that will not kill healthy cells? How does it work? e. Why is a drug that inhibits telomerase not a good choice for cancer therapy? Make sure to explain what telomerase does in a normal healthy cell.Explanation / Answer
d. Targeted Therapy is a new treatment of curing cancer by using drugs that target specific proteins or enzymes in addition to blocking signals that help the cancer cells to grow and spread through the body’s systems.
Targeted therapy has fewer side effects on the normal dividing cells and causes fewer long-term conditions than other chemotherapies. A significant factor in the functioning of other cancer treatments, like radiotherapy, is cytotoxicity, meaning they function to slow the spreading of or to kill the cancerous cells. These cancer treatments also kill the healthy cells of the body.
How Targeted therapy works:
Most standard chemotherapies act on all dividing cells, while targeted therapies act on specific molecular targets associated with cancer. It blocks or turning off the signals that tell cancer cells to grow and divide. It changes the proteins within the cancer cells so the cancerous cells die. Not only this, it also stops to make new blood vessels to feed the cancer cells. Many cancer treatments, including radiotherapy, cause changes in cells which lead to programmed cell death. Targeted therapy drugs in this treatment, cause the cancer cells to die.
e. Telomeres are the ends of chromosomes which protect our genetic data, make it possible for cells to divide and holds some reasons to how we get cancer. Telomeres cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.As a cell begins to become cancerous, it divides more often, and its telomeres become very short. If its telomeres get too short, the cell may die. These cells escape death by making more telomerase enzyme, which prevents the telomeres from getting even shorter as Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein that synthesizes telomeres.This enzyme is active in most human cancers and in germline cells but not in normal human somatic tissues. Telomere maintenance is essential to the replicative potential of malignant cells and the inhibition of telomerase can lead to telomere shortening and cessation of unrestrained proliferation. These findings indicate that potent and selective, non-nucleosidic telomerase inhibitors can be designed as novel cancer treatment. Drugs that inhibits telomerase is not good for cancer treatment and normal and healthy cells because Cells may reduce their telomere length by only 50-252 base pairs per cell division, which can lead to a long lag phase. The lack of telomerase does not affect cell growth, until the telomeres are short enough to cause cells to “die or undergo growth arrest”. However, inhibiting telomerase alone is not enough to destroy large tumors. It must be combined with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Most of the harmful cancer-related effects of telomerase are dependent on an intact RNA template. Cancer stem cells that use an alternative method of telomere maintenance are still killed when telomerase's RNA template is blocked or damaged.
Related Questions
drjack9650@gmail.com
Navigate
Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.