I am writing a research paper about 2 pages on: \"Describe role of Calcium in no

Question

I am writing a research paper about 2 pages on: "Describe role of Calcium in normal growth and development of bones.". Need some help finding sources. They need to be peer-reviewed and can be article or journals. It would be great if there were about 5. Don't need the paper written, just want some sources so I can write it. Here is the outline of the paper if that help:

Introduction/Purpose/Background: Questions to consider in this section are: What is the question/issue you are addressing? What is current thinking, and options to address the question/issue? What is the significance of the problem/issue? How do you plan to deal with the question/issue? There are many ways to cite a reference in the text of your assignment. One example is APA style, “author, date.”

Method: Explain what kind of literature you consulted (books, published papers, internet). What did you do to get the relevant papers (did you apply any search methodology?)? A couple of lines on your impressions on the utility, relevance, or quality of the data you collected?

Results/Discussion: Summarize the most important findings. Discuss problems, if any, with your findings in terms of answering the question. What kind of controversies or contradictory results you found? Try to be objective when discussing contradictions. What do your observations mean? What conclusions can you draw and why? How do your results fit into a broader context?

Conclusions: ...

Explanation / Answer

Role of calcium in normal growth and bone development:

Introduction:

Calcium as a nutrient is most commonly associated with the formation and metabolism of bone. Over 99 percent of total body calcium is found as calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca10[PO4]6[OH]2) in bones and teeth, where it provides hard tissue with its strength.

Source of Calcium:

Ingested calcium comes from food sources and dietary supplements. Only small amounts of calcium are contributed by water, depending upon geographic location.

Food:

Milk, yogurt, and cheese are rich sources of calcium

Dietary Supplements:

Among the U.S. population, about 43 percent of all persons—but almost 70 percent of older women—reported calcium intake from supplements, based on a national survey conducted between 2003 and 2006 (Bailey et al., 2010).

Most common form of dietary supplements is calcium carbonate and calcium citrate.

Absorption:

Calcium is absorbed by active transport (transcellularly) and by passive diffusion (paracellularly) across the intestinal mucosa.

Active transport:

Passive diffusion:

Passive diffusion or paracellular uptake involves the movement of calcium between mucosal cells and is dependent on luminal:serosal electrochemical gradients. Passive diffusion occurs more readily during higher calcium intake and can occur throughout the length of the intestine.

Function and physiological actions of calcium:

Calcium is an integral component of the skeleton, and the skeleton provides a reservoir of calcium for other essential calcium-dependent functions throughout the body.

The skeleton serves at least three main functions.

Intracellular messenger:

Bone formation and remodelling:

Bone is composed of a mineral compartment, predominantly calcium hydroxyapatite and an organic matrix, osteoid, composed principally of collagen and non-collagenous proteins and growth factors.

Development:

The skeleton develops through a process of either intramembranous or endochondral bone formation, depending on location and function.

Remodelling:

Calcium balance is preserved within the non-bone tissues of the body, because adult bone constantly undergoes remodeling through bone resorption

Skeletal Disorders

Rickets and Osteomalacia

Osteomalacia:

Osteoporosis and Fractures:

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