Name 3 major environmental causes of mutations. How does traditional chemotherap
ID: 192118 • Letter: N
Question
Name 3 major environmental causes of mutations. How does traditional chemotherapy act? In proliferating stem cells, are proto-oncogenes turned on (i.e. actively expressed)? In proliferating stem cells, is Rb turned gn(i.e. actively expressed)? In a differentiated cell that is not proliferating, are proto-oncogenes and Rb turned on or off? How does a normal "proliferating cell proliferate, and how does that differ fronm cancer cell proliferation? How do oncogenes promote unregulated proliferation? Compare and contrast oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) Why are TSGs recessive and why are oncogenes dominant? Describe the two hit model for cancer causation? Describe in very general terms how Rb works. What does p53 detect and what does it do to cell cycle progression? cancer? Explain how human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cancer. How do the cancer-causing HPV proteins act?Explanation / Answer
Three environmental causes of mutations
1. UV radiation from the sun
2. Exposure to harmful chemicals such as EMS
3. Exposure to ionizing radiation such as gamma rays
Traditional chemotherapy involves the use anti cancer drugs to kill cancer cells or prevent metastasis. These drugs specifically recognize cancer cells and destroy them. Some drugs are aimed at blocking access of essential nutrients to cancer cells so that they die due to starvation.
Proliferating stem cells continuously divide but their cell division is tightly regulated by maintaining a fine balance between protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. They do express protooncogenes but in a highly regulated manner.
Yes.
Rb is a tumor suppressor gene. Rb is required for survival and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells.
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