a) As more complete mixed (CM) reactors in series are provided, the system becom

Question

a) As more complete mixed (CM) reactors in series are provided, the system becomes more plug flow (PF). For a substance that decays according to first-order kinetics, what is the equivalent PF rate constant that would be used to describe treatment in a series of three CM reactors in terms of flow (Q), the total volume in the system (V), and the rate constant observed for the CM system?

b) Compare the total reactor volume required for 90% removal of a substance that decays according to first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.05 day

Explanation / Answer

The design capacity of several WWTPs in small communities is significantly less than 10,000 p.e. As the population in the area increase, the operation capacity of the plant is increased. The increase in operational capacity does not involve an increase in investment. The plant can therefore be easily stretched beyond its limit. In Northern Ireland, 20% of the WWTPs have a design capacity of less than 10,000 p.e., that is small community WWTP. 75% of the small WWTPs have an operational capacity that exceeds the design capacity. In some cases, the operational capacity is as much 3 times the design capacity.   
The increase in the operational capacity with no change in the design or operational processes of the plant can result in a decrease in the effluent quality.

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