could you please help me with this question? Bookmarks People Window Holp linDow

Question

could you please help me with this question?

Bookmarks People Window Holp linDownloedsproblemr%20Seapof Problem 3 You form liposomes in vitro that contain transporters and channels. Then you add the following mixture of solutes to the outside af the liposomes: 0.1mM alanine -1mM CaCl 100mM NaCi uM testosterone -1mM ATP Which type of channes/transporters need to be present in the liposome to cause import of the solutes into the lumen of the iposome, reaching the final concentrations of (inal concentrations of the solutes in the liposame lumen): mM alanine 0 01mM Ca2 1mM Na -100mMC 1 :M testosterone 1mM ATP Describe for each solute how it is transported across the liposome membrane (what type af transporter ar channel or something esa) and the mechanism how the final concentration was achieved. Make aure that all these transporters/channels functioning together in the liposome make sensa (thay don't "Tighr each other). Make sure you consider the electrochemica gradien Sructure of tostosterone:

Explanation / Answer

a) Alanine: For the transport of alanine , System A od ASC transporter is responsible. This transporter is sodium dependent. Initial binding of the Na+  increases the affinity of the transporter binding site and subsequent attachment of the amino acid forms a Na+ /amino acid/ co-transporter complex. Conformational change of the complex results in the delivery of sodium and amino acid. It has been found by research that the supplement of hormones and growth factors enhance the uptake of amino acids. Presence of testosterone could be responsible for the increased concentration inside the liposome.

b) Import of Calcium is mediated by the P-type ATPases. The calcium pumps present on the surface maintain the concentrations of the ions inside and outside the cell. The concentration of calcium inside the cells should be ideally at least 1000 times lower than the outside concetration failure of which causes muscle cramps. Hence, the low concentration inside the liposome compared to the outside.

c) The interaction of sodium and chloride ions with the lipid layer of the liposomes results in the self diffusion of these ions into the cells/liposome. The presence of sodium-chloride symporter also facilitates the process.The concentration of sodium inside the cells is lower than the outside enviroment. This is maintained by the Na+ / K+ ATPase pumps. Hence, the concentration difference in the sodium ions inside and outside the liposomes compared to the chloride ions.

d) Testosterone, a steroid hormone, is transported through the blood. They are recognized by the androgen receptors on the cells. The sterois-carrier complex are bound by megalin, a membrane receptor, are taken into cells by endocytosis.

e) ATP molecules are concentrated on the sirface by binding to membrane sites and transfer by diffusion. ADP/ATP translocase also aids the process.

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