A round shaft with a circumferential groove was loaded in bending and torsion. T

Question

A round shaft with a circumferential groove was loaded in bending and torsion. The
shaft failed and you are conducting a failure analysis. The crack at the initiation site was oriented
in the groove with 14 degree from x-axis . The shaft has a minimum diameter of 30 mm at the root of the groove.
The groove has bending and torsion stress concentration factors of 1.8 and 1.4, respectively. The
shaft was known to be carrying a fluctuating bending moment of 1000 N-m. Estimate the amount
of torsion the shaft was also carrying

Explanation / Answer

Golfers may be surprised to learn that there is no standard within the golf industry for governing graphite shaft stiffness or flex. One company's stiff flex may very well be another company's regular flex. To alleviate confusion and to help golfers find the right shafts for their games, Golfsmith analyzes and tests each shaft in its catalog and assigns it a Recommended Swing Speed Range (RSSR). A golfer's swing speed is the primary factor in determining which shaft — and especially, which shaft flex — is the right one. Determining swing speed is a relatively simple process, and a number of reliable analyzers are available in a number of price ranges. Or, you may determine swing speed by correlating it to your shot carry distance with a driver or 5-iron (see chart below). This is a slightly less reliable method of obtaining swing speed, but will work for most golfers. Once you've determined your swing speeds (driver speed for wood shafts; 5-iron speed for iron shafts), apply them to the shaft spec charts on these pages and make sure the shaft (and flex) you select has an RSSR that matches your swing speed. SWING SPEED CONVERSION CHART from Golfsmith.com When a swing speed device is not available, this chart may be used to approximate swing speed based on driver carry distance or the club used to approach the green from 150 yards. (Based on average club lengths and lofts.) Swing Speed (mph) Driver Extra-Stiff >105 Stiff 90-105 Regular 80-95 Flexible (A-Flex) 70-85 LadiesLess than 70 Carry Distance (yards) Driver Extra-Stiff 260+ Stiff 240-260 Reg 210-240 Flex (A-Flex) 180-210 Ladies

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