FIVE pages of ation. LIMA m mulakan EKC 271) Answer ALL questions. Jqwab SEMUA s
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FIVE pages of ation. LIMA m mulakan EKC 271) Answer ALL questions. Jqwab SEMUA soalan Glycolysis is a partial breakdown of a six-carbon glucose molecule into two, three-carbon molecules of pyruvate, 2NADH2H, and 2 net ATP as a result of substrate-level phosphorylation. 1. a Glikolisis adalah pemecahan separa molekul glukosa enam-kao kepada dua molekul, tiga-karbon pinuvat, 2NADH 2H. dan 2 ATP bersih hasil daripada fosforilasi paras substrat. (6) Waich reaionsrequre anList the enzymes involved. Tindak balas manakah yang memerlu dan menghasilkan ATP? Senaraikan enzim yang terlibat. ii] Which reactions require NADH or NAD? What is/are the enzymes involved and their origin? Tindak balas manakah yang memerlukan NADH atau NAD"? Apakah enzin yang terlibat dan dari manakah asalnya? ii] In anacrobic condition, glycolysis occurs through 2 biochemical pathways in which the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase took part. State the similarity of these two enzymes Dalam keudaan anaerab, glikolisis berlaku melalui 2 laluan biokimia, di mana enzim alkohol dehidrogenase dan laktat dehydrogenase mengambil bahagian. Nyatakan persamaan bagi kedua-dua enzim ini. What is the net gain of ATP molecules derived from the reactions of glycolysis? Apakah perolehan bersth bagi molekul ATP hasil daripada tindak balas glikolisis? [iv] v What are the possible metabolic fates of pyruvate? Apakah kemungkinan kesudahan metabolik bagi piravat? 10 marks/markah]Explanation / Answer
1. In the first step that is the formation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate requires the ATP and this reaction catalyzed by hexokinase.
Another reaction fructose-6-phosphate converted into fructose-1,6-phosphate requires the ATP and this reaction catalyzed by phosphofructokinase-1.
2. The sixth reaction that is the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate involved in the formation of NADH from NAD+ with the help of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme.
3. Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) is a group of dehydrogenase enzymes that occur in many organisms and facilitate the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones with the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD+ to NADH). In the yeast and many bacteria this enzyme involved in the formation of alcohol (ethyl alcohol) and Carbon dioxide from pyruvate.
Lactate dehydrogenase is an enzyme of anaerobic glycolysis; it converts pyruvate to lactate using NADH, thus representing anaerobic metabolism of glucose. It is also known as an enzyme representing the viability of the cell.
These both enzymes require the NADH for reaction and form 2 ATP for one molecule of pyruvate.
4. Glucose is the source of almost all energy used by cells. Overall, glycolysis produces two pyruvate molecules, a net gain of two ATP molecules, and two NADH molecules.
Note
These two NADH molecules enter into ETS in the aerobic system gives three ATP of each of NADH then total it will give 6 and when you combine that two ATP (direct in glycolysis) and it would be 8 ATP.
In cytoplasmic location sometimes these NADH molecules each re-oxidized via glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle and produces approximately 2 ATP molecules EACH then it will be 2*2=4 and those 2, it becomes 6 ATP
Or in malate-aspartate shuttle produces approximately 3 ATP molecules EACH then it will be 3*2=6 and those 2, it becomes 8 ATPs.
5. Fate of pyruvate
It enters into citric acid cycle
It can be converted into acetyl CoA and when the cellular energy levels high and this acetyl CoA converted into fatty acid or ketones
It can be converted into alcohol by alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme
It can be converted into lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzyme when the oxygen is very low in muscle. This reaction involved in the regeneration of NAD+ from NADH.
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