HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (BBTC 1063) Tutorial 8: Chapter 12 1. Define the fo

Question

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (BBTC 1063) Tutorial 8: Chapter 12 1. Define the following terms: i. Mastication ii. Digestion iii. Ingestion v. Mesentery 2. Describe the processes involved in the normal functions of the digestive system. 3. What are the chemical mechanisms that regulate the digestive system. 4. List TWO (2) muscles involve in mastication. 5. Compare the function of hard palate and soft palate. 6. List the functions of tongue. Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles. 7. Describe the layers of the esophageal wall and the esophageal sphincters. 8. Explain the THREE (3) phases in deglutition. 9. Compare between gastric pits and gastric glands. 10. Explain the events that occur in cephalic phase, gastric 11. Define and state the functions of circular folds, villi and 12. Give the functions of intestinal glands and duodenal 13. State the factors that stimulate secretion from: phase and gastrointestinal phase. microvilli. glands. Duodenal glands 14. Describe the mechanism of absorption and the route of 15. Discuss the enzymatic digestion for carbohydrates, 16. Describe the movement of water through the intestinal - Goblet cells transport for water-soluble and lipid-soluble molecules. lipids and proteins, and list the breakdown products for each. wall

Explanation / Answer

Answer:

1. (i) Mastication is the preparation of food by chewing for deglutition and digestion. It makes smaller pieces from larger and increases the area for digestive breakdown.

(ii) Digestion refers to the breakdown of food into smaller components that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

(iii) Propulsion is the movement of food along the digestive tract.

(iv) Ingestion is the act of taking any substance into the digestive system, be it food, water, medications, or harmful substances.

(v) Mesenteries are routes by which vessels and nerves pass from body wall to organs.

2. The functions involved in the normal functions of the digestive system are:

(a) Ingestion - food into stomach;

(b) Mastification - chewing;

(c) Propulsion - swallowing/digestive tract;

(d) Mixing - digestive tract contractions;

(e) Secretion - lubricate, liquefy, digest;

(f) Digestion - mechanical & chemical;

(g) Absorption - movement from tract into circulation or lymph;

(h) Elimination - waste products/feces

3. The chemical mechanisms that regulate the digestive system are:

(a) Production of hormones - gastrin & secretin;

(b) Production of paracrine chemicals like histamine

4. Muscles - masseter (protraction), temporalis (retraction), medial and lateral pterygoids (depress mandible and protraction).

(Since there are multiple questions, the first 4 questions have been answered according to the rules of Chegg)

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