You have been hired by a leading biomaterials organization to start a new branch

Question

You have been hired by a leading biomaterials organization to start a new branch of the company and help them design a new class of multifunctional bioimplants that focus on restoring functionality to human sensory systems (sight, hearing, taste, touch, or smell). Think of a unique name for the new division of the biomaterials organization. Design an implant that incorporates two or more classes of materials to fix a specific problem related to the sense of your choice. First, briefly outline the problem including how the natural system works and then describe your own unique design. Sketch the implant and label each component. Describe how all the components work both individually and collectively to restore functionality to the damaged system. How would you manufacture this implant? What analytical techniques would be useful in characterizing the chemical and physical properties of the implant? How would you test its performance in the body? Bonus points will be awarded for originality and creativity.

Explanation / Answer

BIOIMPLANT: A general term for any implant prothesis made of biosynthetic material,which is used to replace,support or enchance a failing structure.                                                                                        HUMAN SENSORY SYSREM: There are five types of sense organs sight,hearing,tast,touch and smell.There are organs connected with these sense that take in information that is sent to the brain so that the body can act on it.                                                                                                                                                                                

Sight:

The eye is the organ of the sense of sight. Eyes detect light, and convert it to electro-chemical impulses in neurons. There are some parts of eyes:

Cornea:The transparent window at the front of the eye which is covered in a thin layer of tears.  

Aqueous humor:On the other side of the cornea is more moisture. This clear, watery fluid is the aqueous humor. It circulates throughout the front part of the eye and keeps a constant pressure within the eye.

Pupil and iris:The pupil is the circular opening in the colored part of the eye which is the iris. The iris dilates or opens and contracts to let in more or less light.                                                                              Lens:Resembles the lens of a camera and focuses the light, changing shape as it takes in light reflected from objects near and far.                                                                                                                                               Vitreous:A clear jelly that the focused light passes through to the retina.Retina: The inner lining at the back of the eye. It contains blood vessels which bring nutrients to the nerve cells. The macula is at the very center of the retina and contains the fovea. The photoreceptors of the retina are the rods and cones. The cones perceive color and finer elements. The retinal pigment epithelium, choroid and sclera are three more layers. The photoreceptors send light and images to a large nerve called the optic nerve. This carries the information to the occipital lobe of the brain where they are interpreted.                   Eye lids and eyelashes:These protect the eye and along with tears keep the eye clear and moist.    Hearing:The ear is the organ concerned with hearing. The ear has three parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear.   Pinna: Outer ear:The outermost part of the ear made of cartilage that is connected to the outer tube called the auditory canal. This leads to the eardrum.

Middle Ear:

Eardrum, stirrup, anvil and hammer:This membrane vibrates and along with the three tiny bones in the middle ear, the hammer, anvil and stirrup, and sends the stiumuli to the cochlea.    Inner Ear:Cochlea:Is spiral shaped and it transforms sound into nerve impulses that travel to the brain. Semicircular canals:These fluid filled tubes attach to the cochlea and nerves in the inner ear. They send information on balance and head position to the brain.                                                                                  Eustachian tube:Drains fluid from the middle ear into the throat behind the nose. Tongue:Is a muscular organ in the mouth. The tongue is covered with moist, pink tissue called mucosa and tiny bumps called papillae. Thousands of taste buds cover the surfaces of the papillae. Taste buds are collections of nerve-like cells that connect to nerves going into the brain. There are four types of taste buds: sour, sweet, bitter and salty.The tongue is vital in tasting and chewing food and in speech.

Smell:

Nose:The nose, along with the mouth, lets air in and out of the body. It also helops us distinguish different smells in that air.The nasal root is the top of the nose, forming an indentation at the suture where the nasal bones meet the frontal bone. The anterior nasal spine is the thin projection of bone at the midline on the lower nasal margin, holding the cartilaginous center of the nose. Adult humans have nasal hairs in the anterior nasal passage.

Touch:Skin:The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. The skin protects us from microbes and the elements, helps regulate body temperature, and permits the sensations of touch, heat, and cold. The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone.

Layers:The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue.The skin's color is created by special cells called melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin. Melanocytes are located in the epidermis. A unique name for the new division of the biomaterials organization IS in my veiw IT IS A COMPLETE MULTISPECIALITY HOME OF SENSE ORGANS. BIOMATERIAL RESPONSE TO ORTHOPEDIC IMPLANTS:Biomaterials are used for orthopedic applications in the form of screw,plates,wires,rods and external fixation device includes mental,plastic and ceramics.Similar tobio material used in soft tissue and organ repair applications,the host responce to the implant construct consists of two components.The first component is the acute inflammatory reaction to the responce to injuri during implantation.THE magnitude and this type of responce will be determined by the size of injury antomic location,surgical technique,underlaying pathologic conditions in the local micro environment.THE second component of the host responce is determined, for the most part,by biomaterial related factor such as composition,surface chemistry and physical properties,among amany other.                                                                                                  One of the main difference between biomaterials used in soft tissue and organ repair applications and biomaterials used in orthopedic applicationsis the primary function of musculoskeleton system is provided by structural and mechanical support to various anatomic structurs in the body.while biomaterial designed for soft tissue or organ repair applications aim to promote depoisition of the site appropriate functional tissue,bio material for orthopedic applications aim primarily to provide strutural support.BY sturtural support functional goals are achieved.The structural properties of biomaterials emplayed in orthipedic applications are paricularly important,the host responce to the implant construct is equally important.

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