PLEASE answer them all I really need help! for Biochemistry The transport of an

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PLEASE answer them all I really need help! for Biochemistry

The transport of an ion across a membrane against its concentration gradient can be accomplished by: the co-transport of another ion down its concentration gradient. the synthesis of ATP. the antiport of an ion against its concentration gradient. the opening of a channel specific for the ion. proteolytic removal of an inactivating domain on the transporter. Calmodulin is a: nonspecific kinase. protein that binds Ca^2+. second messenger. protein channel that facilitates the influx of Ca^2+. G-protein. What is true about the (Na^+ - K^+)-ATPase transporter? three potassium ions bind to the cytosolic face of the transporter in the E_1 state GTP binds to it and is hydrolyzed to form GDP and a high energy phosphorylated glutamyl residue formation of the high-energy phosphorylated glutamyl residue triggers a conformational shift from the E_1 form to the E_2 form bound Na^+ ions are released from the E_2 state to the extracellular medium, and two potassium ions are bound to the dephosphorylated E_2 phosphate hydrolysis of the E_2 state releases potassium ions to the cytosol and results in rearrangement to the E_1 state.

Explanation / Answer

8. A. The cotransport of another ion down its concentration gradient.

Such a mechanism in which one molecule is transported down its concentration gradient and this is coupled with tranportation of another molecule against its concentration gradient is called symport, it is a type of indirect active transport. The best example is sodium and glucose transport. The driving ion, sodium, is pumped through the membrane down its concentration gradient, while glucose is pumped against its concentration gradient simultaneously. The Na+/K+ ATPase pump pumps back the sodium ions later.

9. B. protein that binds calcium ions. Calmodlin is intracellular protein that can bind the secondary messenger Ca2+ ions. This binding is required for activation of calmodulin.

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