a- sympathetic b. parasympathetic c-autonomic d- a and b e- a, b, and c. 8- Fact

Question

a- sympathetic b. parasympathetic c-autonomic d- a and b e- a, b, and c. 8- Factors associated with primary hypertension include all the following except a-family history of hypertension b- black race c- high dietary intake d- cigarette smoking e- preeclampsia. 9- Elevation of systolic pressure alone are usually caused by: a- decreased cardiac output b- decreased total resistance c- increased aortic rigidity d- increased use of corticosteroid. 10- Localized dilation or outpouching of a vessel wall or cardiac chamber is called: a- aneurysm b-thrombus c- embolus d-thromboembolus 11- Cerebral aneurysms frequently occur in the; a- vertebral arteries b- basilar arteries c circle of Willis d-carotid artery. 12- Detached blood clot is called a/an: a-thrombus b- embolus c-thromboembolus d- intravascular clot. 13- is the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus a- embolism b- plaque c- arteriosclerosis d- atherosclerosis 14. Which of the following is a source of emboli? a-amniotic fluid b- bacteria c- fat d- air e- all of the above. 15- An individual is diagnosed with varicose veins. Which of the following is a possible cause? a-action of gravity on blood b-long period of standing c trauma to saphenous veins. d- a and b e- a, b, and c. 16- Superior vena cava syndrome is a progressive of the superior vena cava that leads to venous distention of the upper extremities and the head. a- inflammation b- occlusion c. distension d- sclerosis. 17- Coronary artery disease can diminish the myocardial blood supply until deprivation impairs myocardial metabolism enough to cause a local state in which the cells are temporarily deprived of blood supply.

Explanation / Answer

8. Family history of hypertension, cigarette smoking, high sodium and low potassium intake, obesity and race and ethnicity that promote the primary hypertension. Preeclampsia is the condition that promote the chronic hypertension. Option e is correct.

9. Increased systolic pressure is due to increased blood flow rapidly in the arteries. This can be sometimes due to underlying causes like consumption of corticosteroids as part of treatment to high fever, rheumatoid arthritis etc. Option d is correct.

10. Aneurysm is a condition of dilation of artery wall or extrusion of a portion of wall. Aneurysm is resulted due to arteriosclerosis that weakens the vessel wall. Option a is correct.

11.Cerebral aneurysms are generally occur at the point of origin of the Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) and it originates from the vertebral artery. Option a is correct.

12. Venous thrombosis blocks the venous return in the leg partially causing the leg to swell. Major complication of venous thrombosis may be caused by the detachment of the clot from the wall of the vein forming an embolus. Option b is correct.

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