How are induced mutations different than spontaneous mutations? Describe two spe

Question

How are induced mutations different than spontaneous mutations? Describe two specific examples of how a spontaneous mutation happens mechanistically (it must be related to the material covered or in the textbook). Describe two specific examples in induced mutations. What factors about the genomes and gene expression strategies benefit prokaryotes? How and why are they different In Eukaryotes? LONG ANSWER Both DICER and CRISPER offer great tools for scientists to manipulate eukaryotic cells. Describe the basics of how each works and explain how scientists can use each system to modify gene expression in a eukaryotic cell. LONG ANSWER: Describe the difference in Genomics, Transcriptomics, Splice omics and Proteomics. Explain how a scientist would study each omics (give the basics of how the technique works). For each discuss what you could do with the information if you had the full omics for an organism. Why can one make the argument that the Z gene ultimately controls the expression of the lac operon?

Explanation / Answer

1) Spontaneous Mutation: The mutations that were originally studied which occured spontaneously are termed as spontaneous mutation. These mutations represent a small group of possible mutations.Examples: a) Error in DNA replication leading to base substitution when a illegitimate nuleotide forms in a DNA synthesis. b) Spontaneous lesions, in which the damge to a DNA is natural, the most common being deamination and depurination.

Induced Mutations: The mutations which were created by scientists by treating an organism with mutagenizing agent are termed as induced Mutations Examples: a) Replacement of base analogs of DNA with similar nitrogen bases producing mutation-5-Bromouracil being an analog of thymine which has bromine at the C5 position in place of the CH3. b) 2-Amino purine is an analog of the adenine which can pair with the thymine and can mispair with Cytosine.

2) The factors or elements that benefit the prokaryotes in gene expression and genomes are Promoters and Operators. These transcriptional regulations also exist n Eukaryotes, but are less complicated with less number of proteins and introns along with DNA packaging into histones.

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