Provide a concise description of the mechanism of action of influenza viruses, u

Question

Provide a concise description of the mechanism of action of influenza viruses, using molecular and biological terminology as appropriate. Include in your discussion an explanation of the ability of the influenza virus to cause a pandemic. Support your discussion with at least one primary research article.
Discuss at least one example of recent, published research that is being done to understand an influenza virus that infects humans or that could potentially infect humans, and explain how the findings can be applied in public health. This could include a seasonal, zoonotic (eg. avian or canine), or known pandemic influenza strain. Be sure to cite the research study you discuss, which may not be the same source used for the bullet point above.

Explanation / Answer

A free virus particle may be thought of as a packaging device by which viral genetic material can be introduced into appropriate host cells, which the virus can recognize by means of proteins on its outermost surface. A bacterial virus infects the cell by attaching fibers of its protein tail to a specific receptor site on the bacterial cell wall and then injecting the nucleic acid into the host, leaving the empty capsid outside. In viruses with a membrane envelope the nucleocapsid (capsid plus nucleic acid) enters the cell cytoplasm by a process in which the viral envelope merges with a host cell membrane, often the membrane delimiting an endocytic structure (see endocytosis) in which the virus has been engulfed. Within the cell the virus nucleic acid uses the host machinery to make copies of the viral nucleic acid as well as enzymes needed by the virus and coats and enveloping proteins, the coat proteins of the virus. The details of the process by which the information in viral nucleic acid is expressed and the sites in the cell where the virus locates vary according to the type of nucleic acid the virus contains and other viral features. As viral components are formed within a host cell, virions are created by a self-assembly process; that is, capsomere subunits spontaneously assemble into a protein coat around the nucleic core. Release of virus particles from the host may occur by lysis of the host cell, as in bacteria, or by budding from the host cell's surface that provides the envelope of membrane-enveloped forms.

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