Question 2. (35 Points) a) b) c) d) Explain types of Wood used for construction

Question

Question 2. (35 Points) a) b) c) d) Explain types of Wood used for construction & its properties. Define Frame Construction and briefly explan two types of frame construction. List the common errors in Truss installation Briefly expalin timber construction. Question 3. (30 Points) List various cost components in a reinforced concrete construction and explain the largest component Briefly discuss the advantages and disadvantages of precast, prestressed concrete as compared to cast-in-place concrete. What test may be performed on plastic concrete delivered to the job site to ensure that it meets the specification requirements? How might a rapid strength test be performed on plastic concrete. a) b) c)

Explanation / Answer

Q #2.

a)Types of wood used in construction:

i)Teak wood-Teak is a Hardwood and has rich oil content with high tensile strength when compared with the other types of wood. It is very durable and it can last long for 100 years. Teak wood has more density and more strength. It is usually yellow or dark brown colour.

ii)Sal wood-It is less expensive when compared with the Teak. Sal Trees are Straight & cylindrical in the shape they can grow up longer heights. It is not as good as Teak wood.

iii)Ply wood-It is a Strong thin board of wood and made up of three or more layers of wood and these layers are glued on top of one another with alternating grains. As it is an engineered Wood by the perpendicular graining, it is more hard wearing and long-lasting than normal wood.

iv)Deodar-It is durable, strong and most importantly rot-resistant. Its grains are fine and closely knitted due to which it can withstand high polishing.

v)Walnut tree wood-The walnut wood has different shades but mostly it comes in dark red and pinkish color. Though, mostly walnut wood is used in the making of furniture but its resistivity to moisture makes it an ideal material for flooring as well.

vi)Chir pine-It is mostly used in the making of door panels and certain type of furniture.

vii)Fir-It is used in window and door panels and furniture.

viii)Hemlock-It is used for the making of doors and planks. It is not very resistant to rot hence; it is not used in the making of wooden floors.

b) Frame construction: Frame is the skeleton of a structure. It gives the strength to the structure and also the required shape to the structure. The frame used in a structure may be structural steel, wood or any other building material.

Types of framed structures

i)Rigid frame structures-The word rigid means ability to resist the deformation. Rigid frame structures can be defined as the structures in which beams & columns are made monolithically and act collectively to resist the moments which are generating due to applied load. Rigid frame structures provide more stability. This type of frame structures resists the shear, moment and torsion more effectively than any other type of frame structures

ii)Braced frame structures-In this frame system, bracing are usually provided between beams and columns to increase their resistance against the lateral forces and side ways forces due to applied load. Bracing is usually done by placing the diagonal members between the beams and columns. This frame system provides more efficient resistance against the earthquake and wind forces. This frame system is more effective than rigid frame system.

c) Errors in Truss installation:

i)Cantilever trusses installed backwards.

ii)Parallel chord trusses installed upside down.

iii)Girder Trusses not fastened together.

iv)Gable end Trusses installed in the wrong location.

v)Trusses spaced wider than the design specification.

vi)Trusses with web members chords drilled for use of lag screws to support sprinkler loads that have not been included in the design of the truss.

vii)Trusses chord or web members drilled or notched for the passage of electrical wires, plumbing pipe and or mechanical ductwork.

d) Timber Construction:

Every timber frame home structure is made of a few basic components:

i)Studs are vertical wooden members within the walls.

ii)Joists are the horizontal wooden beams that support the floors.

iii)Rafters are the sloping wooden beams that support the roof.

iv)Sheathing are the sheets that are nailed over the studs to connect them securely and form the wall surfaces.

v)Siding is the exterior cladding that covers the walls from the outside.

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