1. In healthy brain cells, phenylalanine (Phe) is taken into cells using a trans
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Question
1. In healthy brain cells, phenylalanine (Phe) is taken into cells using a transporter protein, How did the transporter protein get to the membrane? Start with the proteins processing in the Golgi and the way that processing leads to protein localization.
2.The most common mutation of PAH that leads to PKU is a Trp->Arg amino acid change at position 408.
a.Using the codon table, give an example of how this mutation could have occurred using a transition and how it could have occurred by transversion.
b.Is this a silent, missense, nonsense or frameshift mutation?
c.How does the cell fix point mutations like this one?
3 Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid. This means the body can’t produce it, and it needs to be taken up by food and drinks. In patients with PKU, they need a specific diet and are placed on medications to help their body remove excess phenylalanine.
How do these two treatments help those with this disease?
4 Devise a medication that would help those with PKU.
Explanation / Answer
1). Protein localization into the targets:
The proteins that are intended to be secreted out of the cell are synthesized by the ribosomes of the RER. This system contains “cisternae.” They are the fluid filled sacs, into which the synthesized proteins are released.
They modify these proteins by different processes. They enter into the endoplasmic reticulum as the lipid end of the protein (first 30 amino acids are hydrophobic) is attracted by the lipid component of the endoplasmic reticulum. Once they are in the ER, the hydrophobic chain is removed by the enzymatic process.
The secretory proteins are transported to the Golgi apparatus for further modification. For example, the glycosylation of the proteins by the addition of carbohydrates.
The proteins are differentiated based on their functions and destination. These products are packaged in vesicles and transported into their destinations.
These vesicles pinch off from the Golgi apparatus, they are known as coated vesicles. The scaffolding proteins will interact with the extracellular protein. The three types of proteins that are classified according to their protein coats are,
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