2. What will be the difference between the nucleotide sequence of the -hemoglobi

Question

2. What will be the difference between the nucleotide sequence of the -hemoglobin gene determined from genomic DNA vs. that determined from “cDNA”? Why?

3. What are the three temperature steps of the polymerase chain reaction “cycle”? What happens in each step? What has been done with respect to the target DNA block at the end of such a cycle?

4. Why do we say that genetic variants of human myoglobin, - hemoglobin, and -hemoglobin would assort independently?

5. What is meant by the term “DNA library”?

6. What is the Postulate in Darwin’s Theorem concerning the operation of natural selection? Propose a way in which this Postulate could fail to apply to a particular case of natural genetic variation.

7. A flowering plant species is common in an open field near your house, and you find that these plants can have red, orange, or yellow flowers. Imitating Mendel, you cross orange-flowered plants among themselves, and find that their progeny have red, orange, or yellow flowers in a 1:2:1 ratio. How many genes and alleles are you dealing with here? Is there dominance or no dominance? Choose symbols for the alleles to help with the second part of the problem, and state the genotypes and their phenotypes in terms of these symbols.

Now you count plants of the 3 flower colors in a sample from the population and find 34 reds, 70 oranges, and 37 yellows. Is the population (roughly) in Hardy-Weinberg distribution, or not? Show your evidence.

8. How does the case of “sickle-cell” hemoglobin variation in humans illustrate the central importance of genotype-phenotype-environment interactions in genetics and evolution?

9. What are the two major components of Darwinian fitness in adult organisms? How are they combined into a measure of fitness? What is the name of this measure? What values of this measure are consistent with increasing population size?

Explanation / Answer

2- cDNA are reverse transcribed from mRNA .mRNA has only exons since introns are spliced off. since, cDNA was synthesised from this mRNA hence its size is smaller compared to nucleotide sequence from genomic DNA

Genomic DNA has all exons and introns in them .

3 three temperatures are

melting temperature - at this temperature DNA strands of template gets separate.

annealing temperature - at this temperature primers anneal with the templates .

extension temperature - at this temperature polymerases polymerizes the new strands.

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