city,lt 1. (a) ) Define Urbanization, G(owtn of Gfou h o . (a) Define Urbanizati

Question

city,lt 1. (a) ) Define Urbanization, G(owtn of Gfou h o . (a) Define Urbanization.) Describe the process of urbanization and illustrate the process with drawings as explained in the class. Describe two major causes of urbanization. (c) 2. (a) Transportation has facilitated the growth and development of cities. List ten (10) factors that helped transportation for the growth of cities. (b) Explain two (2) of the factors. 3. (a) How many major travelling classifications do we have that covers ALL modes of travel? (b) Identify these major classifications: 1a-en s (c) Describe one of the classifications. (d) What are the two (2) major services served by these classifications. 4. (a) What are the basic steps for the transportation planning process? (b) Explain any two (2) of the steps. (c) Name five (5) of the major factors that influence the planning of a transportation corridor. (d) Explain any two (2) of the major factors. . 5, (a) Name five (5) of the transit modes commonly used in cities distruct 6 What is the meaning of CBD? Central Business c) Which two (2) of the modes will be optimal for CBD? (d) Explain why? 6. (a) Define and explain travel demand forecasting. (b) How many factors do we consider in travel demand forecasting process? (c Identify and explain these factors as explained in the class. 7. (a) Explain briefly quantitative and qualitative methods in evaluating transportation alternatives. (b) Nam qualitative evaluation methods in transportation projects e two (2) advantages and disadvantages of the quantitative and

Explanation / Answer

1 (a)

Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, "the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to the change.

OR

Urbanisation means an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas. An urban area is a built-up area such as a town or city. A rural area is an area of countryside.

( b )

A good environment and strong social organization are two necessities for the formation of a successful city. A good environment includes clean water and a favorable climate for growing crops and agriculture. A strong sense of social organization helps a newly formed city work together in times of need, and it allows people to develop various functions to assist in the future development of the city (for example, farmer or merchant). Without these two common features, as well as advanced agricultural technology, a newly formed city is not likely to succeed.Cities may have held other advantages, too. For example, cities reduced transport costs for goods, people, and ideas by bringing them all together in one spot. By reducing these transaction costs, cities contributed to worker productivity. Finally, cities likely performed the essential function of providing protection for people and the valuable things they were beginning to accumulate. Some theorists hypothesize that people may have come together to form cities as a form of protection against marauding barbarian armies.

( C )

i. Industrialization

Industrialization is a major cause of urbanization. It has expanded the employment opportunities. Rural people have migrated to cities on account of better employment opportunities.

ii. Social factors:

Many social factors such as attraction of cities, better standard of living, better educational facilities, need for status also induce people to migrate to cities.

iii. Employment opportunities:

In rural sector people have to depend mainly on agriculture for their livelihood. But Indian agriculture is depending on monsoon. In drought situations or natural calamities, rural people have to migrate to cities.

iv. Modernization:

Urban areas are characterized by sophisticated technology better infrastructure, communication, medical facilities, etc. People feel that they can lead a comfortable life in cities and migrate to cities.

Rural urban transformation:

It is an interesting aspect that not only cities are growing in number but rural community is adopting urban culture, no longer rural communities are retaining their unique rural culture. Rural people are following the material culture of urban people. Urban rural transformation can be observed in the following areas.

Spread of education:

The literacy rate has increased among the rural people. They have become more modernised.

i. Change in Dress habits.

ii. Adoption of modern Technology

iii. Enlightenment of women.

iv. Modern transport and communication. E.g.: Cell phones have become common even among rural people.

v. Active involvement in politics.

vi. Growth of infrastructure like Banks, Post office.

vii. Awareness among rural consumers.

( 2 )

Transport or transportation is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another. Modes of transportinclude air, land (rail and road), water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Transport is important because it enables trade between people, which is essential for the development of civilizations.

Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations including roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance.

Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles,bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters, watercraft, spacecraft and aircraft.

Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities, and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.

Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow and restrain urban sprawl.

( 3 )

Mode of transport is a term used to distinguish substantially different ways to perform. The different modes of transport are air, water, and land transport, which includes rail, road and off-road transport. Other modes also exist, including pipelines, cable transport, and space transport. Human-powered transport and animal-powered transport are sometimes regarded as their own mode, but these normally also fall into the other categories. In general, transportation is used for the movement of people, animals, and other things. Each mode of transport has a fundamentally different technological solution, and some require a separate environment. Each mode has its own infrastructure, vehicles, and operations.

Modes :-

Water transportation :-

Water transport is the process of transport that a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, makes over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. If a boat or other vessel can successfully pass through a waterway it is known as a navigable waterway. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance. When a boat is floating on the water the hull of the boat is pushing aside water where the hull now is, this is known as displacement.

In the 1800s, the first steamboats were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now, most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans.

Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Commercial vessels, nearly 35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007.Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for transcontinental shipping,short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.

Major services:-

Communication between the two countries.

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