1. In the catabolic pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, organic fo

Question

1. In the catabolic pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, organic food molecules, are oxidized / reduced (circle one) to CO2.

2. The H from these molecules ends up primarily on the coenzyme NADH. NADH is oxidized / reduced (circle one) compared to NAD+.

3. The energy from NADH powers the electron transport chain. Where do the electrons flow from, through, and to? Be very clear in this answer.

4. Is the making of a proton gradient endergonic or exergonic?

5. Is this active transport or passive transport of protons?

6. What is the role of oxygen in making ATP?

7. Is ADP + Pi ® ATP exergonic or endergonic?

8. What is the product of substrate-level phosphorylation?

9. Cyanide binds to the iron in cytochrome c oxidase and prevents this enzyme from transferring electrons to oxygen. Describe how this would change

A. How oxygen is used

B. The proton gradient

C. ATP levels

10.The Dores Lab brews beer, which takes starch from plants and converts it to simple sugars before yeast use anerobic respiration to turn those simple sugars into ethanol. Starting with starch, outline the three main processes that need to be carried out:

11. From converting the starch fragment shown at the very top, how many total ATP molecules would yeast produce obtain?

Explanation / Answer

Answer:

1). Oxidized

The aerobic processing of glucose starts with the complete oxidation of glucose derivatives to carbon dioxide.

2). Oxidation (give up electrons)

NADH ----- NAD+ ++ + 2e-

3).

The electron transport chain occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane of mitochondria. The electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen, which is reduced to water.

4). Endergonic

So breaking ATP --> ADPi +Pi is exergonic (spontaneous so -dG) and forming ATP from ADP + Pi is an endergonic.

5). Active transport

As protons are transported by the utilizing energy, so it is called active transport.

6). Oxygen acts as final electron acceptor.

7). Endergonic reaction.

So breaking ATP --> ADPi +Pi is exergonic (spontaneous so -dG) and forming ATP from ADP + Pi is an endergonic.

NADH ----- NAD+ ++ + 2e-

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