40. It is more difficult to detect adaptations and cultural change on the Great

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40. It is more difficult to detect adaptations and cultural change on the Great Plains than in other regions because populations were thinly spread across the landscape and OA) had no unique forms of art or architecture to distinguish among them OB) adapted extremely slowly over the course of thousands of years OC) were highly mobile in response to greater environmental instability OD) all individuals used exactly the same set of tools and pottery forms OE) did not make tools out of materials that preserve in the archaeological record 41. Which of the following BEST describes the early villages of the Coalescent tradition? OA) temporary settlements consisting of a ring of tepees around a central fire OB) partially subterranean stone buildings with thatch roofs OC) groups of longhouses spread out along a river OD) earth lodges widely spaced to take advantage of as much farmland as possible OE) earth lodges closely clustered for defensive purposes 42. There is little mention of Great Basin petroglyphs in Numic oral traditions because OA) Numic oral traditions were created by men, while petroglyphs were created by women OB) petroglyphs were created by Numic shamans who are loathe to divulge their secrets O C) Julian Steward encouraged the Numic not to share their interpretations of the petroglyphs with non-Numic peoples OD) the petroglyphs were made by people of the Fremont culture who did not share their oral traditions with Numic invaders 43. On-Your-Knees-Cave, located in southeastern Alaska, is the site of the oldest found on the Northwest Coast. OA) evidence for deep-sea fishing OB) cedar plank canoes °C) human sacrifice OD) humans remains and artifacts OE) evidence of religion 44. "Expedient tools" are difficult for archaeologists to identify at archaeological sites because they OA) were often destroyed with an individual whenever they died OB) are always made from perishable materials and do not preserve well °C) can appear very similar to items modified by the natural environment OD) were produced in very small numbers OE) are always much smaller than other tools 45. The Mercator map projection, used in most elementary school maps, distorts the world map, such that it OA) reduces the size of the Arctic and Subarctic regions to enlarge North America and Europe OB) exaggerates the size of the United States ° C) drastically reduces the size of Russia to make the USSR seem less powerful during the 20th century OD) accurately depicts the northern hemisphere and reduces the size of the southern hemisphere OE) exaggerates the size of the areas around the poles 46. Modern Alpathaskan culture, which expanded southeastward in Canada's Northwest around 400 BCE, stemmed from which cultural group? OA) Dorset OB) Algonquians OC) Taltheilei Shale OD) Nenana Complex OE) Thule Eskimos

Explanation / Answer

43) D. human remains and artifacts

On Your Knees Cave is currently one of the earliest known settlements along the Northwest Coast of North America. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was extracted from one of the individual’s molars. The genetic analysis revealed that the individual was a male. Further examination of the teeth indicated that the man died in his mid-twenties. Through mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the individual was determined to be a member of a subgroup of haplogroup D, marking the earliest occurrence of this haplogroup. This haplogroup is found in populations along the western coast of the Americas A tribal group in the area of the discovery, the Tlingit, submitted DNA samples to be compared to the On Your Knees Cave individual. However, no match was found, indicating that the individual and modern Alaska Native American tribes are likely not closely related,although this does not mean that ancient Alaskan Native American groups would not have been closely related to the individual.

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46) E. Thule eskimos

They developed in coastal Alaska by AD 1000 and expanded eastwards across Canada, reaching Greenland by the 13th century. In the process, they replaced people of the earlier Dorset culture that had previously inhabited the region. The appellation "Thule" originates from the location of Thule (relocated and renamedQaanaaq in 1953) in northwest Greenland, facing Canada, where the archaeological remains of the people were first found at Comer's Midden. The links between the Thule and the Inuit are biological, cultural, and linguistic

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