short answer part 4 2. Recurrent infections with the enteric pathogen Clostridiu

Question

short answer part 4

2. Recurrent infections with the enteric pathogen Clostridium difficile is a major cause of chronic antibiotic-associated dairrhea. An increasing number of individuals with this disorder are choosing to be treated with a fecal transplant from a healthy individual. Why is this treatment effective?

3. Germ free animals (gnotobiotic animals) are used to study how commensal microbes contribute to the health of an animal. Describe the theory behind this; what would you expect to see in animals that lack any associations with microbes.

4. Discuss the idea of systemic tolerance and ignorance in terms of antigens encountered at the gut mucosa.  Why is tolerance and ignorance necessary?

Explanation / Answer

Recurrent infections with the enteric pathogen Clostridium difficile are a major cause of chronic antibiotic-associated diarrhea. An increasing number of individuals with this disorder are choosing to be treated with a fecal transplant from a healthy individual. Why is this treatment effective?

For people with a severe or recurrent infection with Clostridium difficile that doesn’t respond to antibiotic treatment, a fecal microbiota transplant has paramount importance. This procedure involves transferring healthy human feces to the colon of a person infected with C. difficile to reestablish the beneficial strains of bacteria. Transplantation can be provided through a variety of methodologies, either to the lower proximal, lower distal, or upper gastrointestinal tract.

Germ free animals (gnotobiotic animals) are used to study how commensal microbes contribute to the health of an animal. Describe the theory behind this; what would you expect to see in animals that lack any associations with microbes.

The commensal bacteria and viruses are the disease-causing pathogens. Because animal body contain hundred thousand to bacteria, it is not possible to study the contribution given by a particular pathogenic bacterium. Gnotobiotic animals are the germ-free animals used to study such bacteria. Because they are germ-free, interactions between the microbiota and the body be study by transferring samples of human gut microbiomes to gnotobiotic mice toto study effects of single pathogen.

Discuss the idea of systemic tolerance and ignorance in terms of antigens encountered at the gut mucosa. Why is tolerance and ignorance necessary?

The systemic tolerance is the systemic immune unresponsiveness to innocuous antigens such as food proteins and molecular components of commensal bacteria. The ignorance is term used for the immunological privileged organ of the gut. Tolerance and ignorance are necessary as some antigens such as food proteins and molecular components of self-bacteria does not require immune action.

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