4. In Scientific Process 6.2, over time, males in good condition reduced their d

Question

4.   In Scientific Process 6.2, over time, males in good condition reduced their display rate to females in poor condition. One hypothesis to explain this observation is that males assessed female condition over repeated interactions and reduced display rate as they determined that the female was in poor condition.    Explain how a male can benefit by reducing display activity to a poor quality female.

5.   Propose a study to determine the heritability of personality in the salamanders mentioned in Chapter 4. Would you expect the heritability of personality to be higher or lower than a morphological trait such as tail length?

Explanation / Answer

4) There are several social, biological and health care factors that determine the display of males in good condition to females. Men in good condition are vulnerable to interact with females in a poor condition. There are two different hypothesis called as vulnerability hypothesis and differential exposure hypothesis. The survey included analysing the health of male and female individuals with the outcome of their health on the mortality and morbidity rate in the society. Women have lower rates of mortality as compared to males due to living in less hygienic and lower status environment. It depends upon several factors like socio-economic status, access to healthcare, social support and psychological factors. Men are prone to excessive intake of alcohol and smoking as compared to females. Females are more prone to health hazards due to living in unhealthy conditions and suffering from excessive weight problems. Females have a longer life but prone to illness whereas male can suffer from unexpected traumatic situations leading to their natural death. There has been an interpersonal interaction with old parents and eldest member and wife living together as compared to the newer tradition where families and their progeny are living apart due to one family-one child scenarios.

There are number of variables which can be studied like dependent and independent variables for checking the health of parents. The regular practise of exercise avoids the tendency of increase in weight, cardio-vascular problems are also avoided. It is the dependent variable on which the experimental results vary whereas the independent variables include socio-economic status, financial condition, and education, housing and other job opportunities. Men can avoid meeting with females in low socio-economic environment by keeping a vigilance of the following feature points like:

5)There are various behavioural traits in salamanders like mating in which males claps the back of females during copulation and laying of eggs after fertilisation. There is change of diet from omnivorous to carnivorous according to the habitat in which they are living.

In tail experiments of salamander tail was amputated and cut and allowed to grow a number of times. It occured after the induction of throid hormone which initiated the process of growth and development. There area of regeneration was analysed under a microscope with analysis of the tissues in the cut region of salamander tail after dipping and preserving in methyl salicylate with calculation of area of tail with regeneration potential. It was calculated after 1st and 2nd regeneration. The shape, size and length of tail of different salamander tails were calculated and interpreted and analysed in detail. Quantitative trail locus and effect of genes involved in regeneration of tail was analysed and determined in detail. It involves cell cycle regulatory genes like p21. The sex determining locus LG9 was analysed in detail. The experiment on salamander tails included analysis of tissue growth in cartilage, bone formation , growth in cell numbers and density,vasculature supply, blood vessels, and skin formation on tails.

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