Enzyme Regulation Analogy Assignment: 1Extracellular signals Enzyme undergoes ph
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Enzyme Regulation Analogy Assignment:
1Extracellular signals Enzyme undergoes phosphorylation/dephosphorylation Receptor 9 Transcription factor 10 Enzyme combines with regulatory proteirn 2 Transcription of specific gene(s) Enzyme binds ligand (allosteric effector) kinasel/phosphatase 8 mRNA DNA Regulatory protein Nucleus mRNA degradation Enzyme mRNA Product Enzyme binds substrate S Enzyme sequestered in subcellular organelle 6 Endoplasmic reticulum 5Protein degradation 4 mRNA translation on ribosome (ubiquitin; proteasome)Explanation / Answer
Extracellular signals – The extra cellular signal molecules are growth factors or hormones or cytokines or neurotransmitters which plays an important role in transmitting specific information to the target cells. The signal compounds bind to the receptor present on the cell membrane and it helps in regulating the whole of the process. In this the extracellular signals are generated when the signaling molecule binds to the receptors and this lead to activating and bring in of the transcription factor. The transcription factors are proteins which help in transcription of particular genes.
2) Transcription of specific genes – In the process of transcription, it is the conversion of the DNA to RNA and this takes place in presence of specific transcription factor. The transcription factor bind to the DNA and it enhances the conversion of DNA to RNA. The gene product encode for certain protein or enzyme or hormones. In order to produce a particular compound from a gene, the mRNA is transcribed from a gene in DNA template and it encodes the direction for protein synthesis.
3) mRNA degradation – When the transcription process takes place, there are many mRNA products formed out of which some are suitable for production of the protein and some are not. The ones which are suitable for protein production undergoes translation and some which are not and are unstable does not undergo translation. Such mRNA is degraded.
4) mRNA translation on ribosome – during the process the mRNA which are stable and good are able to undergo translation. The ribosomal subunits assemble together like a sandwich on mRNA strand and they proceed to attract tRNA molecules. The mRNA undergoes translation on the ribosome for production of the protein and forms the polypeptide.
5) Protein Degradation – In the given process for production of protein, there are many faulty proteins which are produced. The faulty proteins are recognized and damaged through the process of protein degradation. This helps in reducing any mistake during the protein synthesis.
7) Enzyme binds substrate – The enzymes are known to be catalyst for any sort of reaction or mechanism or regulation. The enzymes bind to substrate and this helps in activating certain mechanism or function.
8) Enzyme binds Ligand – The ligand binding site is a place that has mass chemical specificity and has great affinity on proteins which are able to form chemical bonds with other molecules and ions or proteins.
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