15. The maximum likelihood tree (the tree with the clades numbered) constructed

Question

15.

The maximum likelihood tree (the tree with the clades numbered) constructed for the mammals in the figures shown supports which of the following hypotheses for the evolutionary relationships among mammalian groups?

The maximum likelihood tree supports the Marsupionta hypothesis.

16.

Killian et al. (2001) inferred a maximum likelihood tree (shown below) based on sequence data from the M6P/IGF2R gene. Numbers represent bootstrap support values for each clade. Based on their findings, you would expect that the clade comprised of mice, rats, and rabbits would have appeared in what percentage of bootstrap resampling replicates?

Question 17

Bootstrap resampling

Question 18

What is the correct order of steps of bootstrap resampling?
1. To assess the support for any feature of the original tree, the percentage of replicate trees that also display that feature are calculated.
2. Resampling is done from the original character matrix to create a collection of bootstrap replicate data sets.
3. A tree is constructed for the estimated phylogeny, based on the original character matrix.
4. The same tree-building methods used on the original character set are used to create a collection of bootstrap replicate phylogenies.

Question 19

Question 20

Question 21

The figure shown is a phylogeny created with DNA sequence data and has high bootstrap support values. The tree also includes observed phenotypes (in varying shades of gray) for the five taxa. The character states are indicated by “B” or “b,” “G” or “g,” and “P” or “p.” Evaluate the hypothetical phylogenetic tree using a parsimony approach. For which of the following taxa were there the FEWEST state changes if the inferred ancestral state was “bGP”?

Question 22

How many different unrooted tree arrangements are possible for a phylogenetic tree relating four species?

Question 23

How many different unrooted tree arrangements are possible for a phylogenetic tree relating five species?

Question 24

Once we have used character data to infer a tree, how can we be certain this tree best represents our data?

The maximum likelihood tree supports neither the Marsupionta nor the Theria hypotheses. A Theria hypothesis B Marsupionta hypothesis Placentals Placentals Marsupials Monotremes Monotremes Squamate reptiles Squamate reptiles

Explanation / Answer

15. The maximum likehood tree support the marsoponia hypothesis

16.

17. Bootstrap resembling is answer 4th

18. Option 2nd is answer

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