1. What are the cross-cultural and ethical aspects on the superbug multidrug res

Question

1. What are the cross-cultural and ethical aspects on the superbug multidrug resistance? Discuss with your team members and write down all your answers. (5 4 points) 2. To your right is a table showing a strain Table 1. Antibiotic resistance profle of MRSN 388634 of bacteria that has different sensitivities to the doses of antibiotics. McGann and colleagues (2016) reported the Minimum Amikacin Antibiotic MIC (ug/ml) Inhibitory Concentration (ug/mL) for the Amoxacillin/clavnalanate 16s 16 -16 -16 -16 16 32 -2 antibiotic resistance profile of bacteria strain MRSN 388634. Aztreonam Cefazolin Cefepime Compare and contrast two different antibiotic sensitivities from the list below. Cefazidime Then, propose a team hypothesis why this Cefriaxone strain of bacteria has different sensitivity levels to different types of antibiotics. (10 points) Ciprofloxacin Colistin Team Hypothesis

Explanation / Answer

Ans. 1. The multiple drug resistance (MDR) or multi-resistance or multidrug resistance is the resistance against the drugs (such as antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, anthelmintics and antimalarials) shown by certain species of the microorganism (such as viruses, fungi, bacteria and parasites). The phenomenon of antibiotic resistance arises when some bacteria evolve the mechanisms to withstand the drugs which is used to fight against the infection. The microbes that that develop the antimicrobial resistance is referred to as "superbugs". Thus, the medicine becomes ineffective against the particular microbes which result in the persistence of infection in the body and hence increasing the risk of spread to the others.

Now antimicrobial resistance (AMR) become distinct and significant ethical and cross-cultural issue which arises as the result of the complications for treating the infectious diseases. It's a multifaceted and complex global challenge which affects the human, animal health, economy, agriculture and the environment. It represents many different aspects of the superbug multidrug resistance which is illustrated below as follows-

1. The new emerging mechanisms of superbug multidrug resistance are spreading across the globe. It will result in threatening our ability to treat the common infectious diseases which results in the prolonged illness, disability, and death.

2. The medical procedures like organ transplantation, tuberculosis, cancer chemotherapy and the other major surgical operation (for example, hip replacements or caesarean sections ) become at very high risk without any effective antimicrobials for the treatment and prevention of the infections.

3. It increases the cost of healthcare with the long period stays in the hospitals and required more intensive care.

4. The increasing multidrug resistance in superbugs endangers our achievements of the Sustainable Development Goals and increase the gains of the Developmental Goals at the higher risk.

5. The emergence of multidrug resistance become a huge economic burden on health for the developing countries like India.

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