Many antibiotics that should kill the causative agents of meningitis are ineffec

Question

Many antibiotics that should kill the causative agents of meningitis are ineffective if given orally. Can you explain the anatomical mechanism that could cause this ineffectiveness? - Explain one of the ways an anesthetic may relieve the sensation of pain. - Some people claim meditation has a wide range of benefits. What benefits can be supported by scientific evidence? - Predict the respiratory consequences of an injury that damaged the spinal cord between the third and fifth cervical segments. What specific mechanism would cause these consequences?

Explanation / Answer

(i) The whole brain tissue is enveloped by a lipid layer called Blood brain barrier (BBB)
-The endothelial cells of brain are connected together by tight junctions, which form a barrier between the vasculature and brain.
-BBB helps maintain a stable environment in the brain.
-Many drugs are unable to cross this barrier.

(ii) MECHANISM OF ACTION OF LOCAL ANAESTHETIC (LA):-
-LAs prouce anesthesia by inhibiting excitation of nerve endings.
-LAs bind to sodium channel and inactivate them.
-thus preventing depolarization of the nerve.
-thus impulse con not transfer to myoneural junction and sensation of pain not feel.

(iii) BENEFITS OF MEDITATION :-
- Reduce stress
- Increase sense of well being
- boost seof control and social life
- Increase focus and attention and memory
- improves creative abilities.

(iv) INJURY BETWEEN 3 AND 5 CERVICAL SEGMENT CAUSES-
-Loss of diaphragm function
-Requirement of a ventilator for breathing
-Paralysis in arms, hands, and legs.

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