A 20-y/o microbiology student goes to the student health center and tells the nu
ID: 136163 • Letter: A
Question
A 20-y/o microbiology student goes to the student health center and tells the nurse, "My professor said I should get the injected vaccine." The nurse replies, "It sounds like he knows what he is talking about. Here is a pamphlet about e vaccine. Let me know if you have questions." Answer the following questions the student had about the vaccine. (a) Why is it impossible for me to get influenza from the injected vacine? (b) Why are there three different strains of the virus in the vaccine? (e) How are the strains selected? (d) Why does it matter if I'm allergic to eggs? (d) Will it hurt?Explanation / Answer
(a) it is impossible for that student to get influenza from vaccine because vaccine made from dead virus & only some proteins of that dead virus are present in vaccine, not the whole virus. these proteins are taken from the surface of virus to stimulate our immune system & give it a clear target. due to absence of the all virus protein vaccine, it cannot reconstitute virus in our body & we will not get infected by vaacine.
(b) There are actually 4 types of influenza virus - A,B,C,D. human influenza virus cause seasonal epidemics of disease almost in every winter. Influenza A & B virus to infect people can cause an influenza pandemic. Influenza type C infections generally cause a mild respiratory illness and are not thought to cause epidemics. While Influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people.
Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: the hemagglutinin (H) and the neuraminidase (N).
Influenza A viruses can be further broken down into different strains. Current subtypes of influenza A viruses found in people are influenza A (H1N1) and influenza A (H3N2) viruses
Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but can be further broken down into lineages and strains. Currently circulating influenza B viruses belong to one of two lineages: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria.
That’s why mainly influenza vaccine contain 3 types of strain (2 strain of A type & 1 B type).
(c) The influenza viruses/strains in the seasonal flu vaccine are selected each year based on surveillance data indicating which viruses are circulating and forecasts about, which viruses are the most likely to circulate during the coming season. The degree of similarity between available vaccine viruses and circulating viruses also is important. Vaccine viruses must be similar to the influenza viruses predicted to circulate most commonly during the upcoming season. Another important practical factor in the recommendation about what viruses to include in a flu vaccine is whether or not there is a good vaccine virus available; that is, a virus that could be used in vaccine production and which would likely protect against the viruses likely to circulate during the upcoming season. Vaccine viruses must be isolated and grown in chicken eggs. They also must be tested and available in time to allow for production of the large amount of vaccine virus needed to make vaccine. Occasionally, if a suitable vaccine virus cannot be identified or developed in time to be included in the upcoming season’s vaccine.
(d) Effect of influenza vaccine depends on how much/severe you are allergic to eggs.
Based on recommendations given by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and its Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices regarding egg allergy and receipt of influenza (flu) vaccines, people with egg allergies no longer need to be observed for an allergic reaction for 30 minutes after receiving a flu vaccine. People with a history of egg allergy of any severity should receive any licensed, recommended, and age-appropriate influenza vaccine. Those who have a history of severe allergic reaction to egg (i.e., any symptom other than hives) should be vaccinated in an inpatient or outpatient medical setting (including but not necessarily limited to hospitals, clinics, health departments, and physician offices), under the supervision of a health care provider who is able to recognize and manage severe allergic conditions.
Most flu shots and the nasal spray flu vaccine are manufactured using egg-based technology. Because of this, they contain a small amount of egg proteins, such as ovalbumin. However, studies that have examined the use of both the nasal spray vaccine and flu shots in egg-allergic and non-egg-allergic patients indicate that severe allergic reactions in people with egg allergies are unlikely. A recent CDC study found the rate of anaphylaxis after all vaccines is 1.31 per one million vaccine doses given.
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