v Question Completion Status QUESTION 1 The position of the larynx in the human
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v Question Completion Status QUESTION 1 The position of the larynx in the human throat is O b higher than that of other primates, as humans cannot produce such a wide range of speech sounds as other primates can Oc no dinerent trom that of other primates o d.related to the ability to eat meat. QUESTION 2 Homo fioresiensis, found on isiand of Flores in Asia, appears to be oaa18 miltion year old early Homo habilis Ob an exceptionally small hominid, previously unknown c a Neandertal. O d a Homo erectus of modern body size and proportions QUESTION 3 The term used by archaeologists to refer to the CULTURAL developments of early hominins, such as their tool industries, up until around 14,000 years ago, is O a the Holocene O b.the Pleistocene epoch O c. the Paleolithic O d the Neolithic. QUESTION 4 The O a Alrican replacement and muftiregional evolution models both agree that modern human anatomy first appeared in Africa, but disagree about what happened to archaic populations outside of AtricaExplanation / Answer
1.a. The position of larynx in the human throat is descended- a two-tube vocal tract in humans composed of the oral cavity common to all primates, and an additional enlarged pharyngeal cavity seen only in humans. This two-tube configuration, coupled with an agile tongue and a capacity for rapid mandible and lip movements, allows humans considerable articulatory latitude when vocalizing. These movements produce dynamic changes to the resonance properties of the vocal tract.
2. d. Homo floresiensis appears to be derived from a population of Homo erectus that arrived on Flores about a million years ago and rapidly became dwarfed. This information was obtained from fossil studies.
3. a. The Holocene is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 years before present, after the last glacial period. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene together form the Quaternary period.
The Pleistocene Epoch is typically defined as the time period that began about 2.6 million years ago and lasted until about 11,700 years ago.
4. c. Assimilation and multiregional evolution
There are two competing hypotheses on the origin of modern humans: the Out-of-Africa (African replacement ) hypothesis and the multiregional (MRE) hypothesis. Both agree that Homo erectus originated in Africa and expanded to Eurasia about one million years ago, but they differ in explaining the origin of modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens). The first hypothesis proposes that a second migration out of Africa happened about 100,000 years ago, in which anatomically modern humans of African origin conquered the world by completely replacing archaic human populations (Homo sapiens). The multiregional hypothesis states that independent multiple origins or shared multiregional evolution with continuous gene flow between continental populations occurred in the million years since Homo erectus came out of Africa (the trellis theory). A compromised version of the Out-of-Africa hypothesis emphasizes the African origin of most human populations but allows for the possibility of minor local contributions.
The Assimilation model (AM) was formally articulated in 1989 by Smith et al. The AM has always asserted that modern humans likely arose in Africa. Modern humans evolved specifically in East Africa, and then spread, with their distinct morphological makeup from this homeland to other parts of the Old World and ultimately beyond. In these points the AM does not differ from the RAO (Recent African Origin) model. However, whereas the RAO model theoretically accepts the possibility of admixture, this is viewed as being inconsequential in the emergence of modern humans outside Africa. The AM agrees with the MRE model that gene flow occurs between regional populations of archaic and early modern humans outside the African homeland of the latter. However, the AM differs with the MRE model in terms of the likely extent of gene flow.
5. b. Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
The hand is comprised of 27 bones, the number of which varies between people, 14 of which are the phalanges (proximal, intermediate and distal) of the fingers and thumb. The metacarpal bones are in between and connect the fingers (with phalanges) and the carpal bones of the wrist.
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