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m 5 Chapters 9-11 (201505)- Requires Respondus LockDown Browser + Webcam gth: 1:30:00 Time Taken:2:47:57 Tamailia Clarke: Attempt 1 Question 33 (S points) 14 15 Based on several reports, Syria used Sarin gas on some of its citizens. In the movie "The Rock chemical specialist Dr. Goodspeed was instructed to inject atropine into his heart and diffuse a bomb before it exploded. Sarin is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Atropine blocks acetylcholine (ACh) receptors. If exposed to Sarin gas, atropine is given as an antidote. It works by blocking ACh receptors on cells. 17 18 D B Part 1: What is the NORMAL role of acetylcholinesterase? (1 point) Part 2 Does the concentration of acetylcholine (at the neuromuscular junction) change if someone is exposed to Sarin? Does it increase or decrease? Explain your answer. (2 points) 20 21 23 24 Part 3: Explain the effect of Sarin on ANY TWO of the following tissues/structures: Smooth Muscle activity, Skeletal Muscle activity, cardia glands. (2 points) c muscle activity, exocrine glands, endocrine 26 27 29 30 32 Save Page 1 Saved

Explanation / Answer

part 1 :

Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that degrades the acetyl choline after it is released into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction, where signals are transmitted between neurons from the central nervous systems to muscle fibres. Normally, acetylcholine is released from the neuron to stimulate the muscle, after which it is degraded by acetylcholinesterase, allowing the muscle to relax.

Part 2 :

increase :

Sarin is a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase.Within seconds of exposure to sarin gas (or liquid, which evaporates easily), we start to notice the immediate effects of acetylcholine buildup. A build-up of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, due to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, means the neurotransmitter, acetyl choline continues to act on the muscle fibre, so that the nerve impulses are effectively continually transmitted.

Part 3 :

Sarin attacks the nervous system by interfering with the degradation of the neurotransmitter acetyl choline at neuromuscular junctions. Death will usually occur as a result of asphyxia due to the inability to control the muscles involved in breathing.

Initial symptoms following exposure to Sarin are a runny nose, tightness in the chest and constriction of the pupils. Soon after, the person will have difficulty breathing and they will experience nausea and drooling. As they continue to lose control of bodily functions, they may vomit, defecate and urinate. This phase is followed by twitching and jerking. Ultimately, the person becomes comatose and suffocates in a series of convulsive spasms,bronchorrhea and bronchospasm and they are the leading cause of death and SLUDGE – salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, gastrointestinal distress, and emesis (vomiting). Death may follow in 1 to 10 minutes after direct inhalation.

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Symptoms likely will appear within a few seconds after exposure to the vapor form of sarin and within a few minutes to hours after exposure to the liquid form.

All nerve agents cause their toxic effects by preventing the proper operation of an enzyme that acts as the body’s “off switch” for glands and muscles. Without an “off switch,” the glands and muscles are constantly being stimulated. Exposed people may become tired and no longer be able to keep breathing.

First,smooth muscles and secretions go crazy. (prolonged contraction of smooth muscles)

The nerves to those areas keep firing, keep telling them to go. The nose runs, the eyes cry, the mouth drools and vomits, and bowels and bladder evacuate themselves. It is not a dignified state.

The chest tightens, vision blurs. If the exposure is great enough, that can progress to convulsions, paralysis, and death within 1 to 10 minutes.

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