0000 T-Mobile Wi-Fi 6:10 PM shsu.blackboard.com Case Study Sections The headings
ID: 127074 • Letter: 0
Question
0000 T-Mobile Wi-Fi 6:10 PM shsu.blackboard.com Case Study Sections The headings and sub-headings need to be bolded and the pages numbered. The following components need to be identified and thoroughly addressed in the case study (note that the components generally follow the flow of your textbook &ties; in the chapters/modules you completed): 1. Title for your program make it catchy 2. Background -scope of childhood obesity -detail prevalence rates in the nation, state and in Harris, Montgomery, and/or Walker obesity has increased in these areas over the last few decades. Also describe and cite how obesity impacts cardiovascular disease and primary cancers. I how obesity has increased in these areas over the last few decades. County. Include in here how nclude in here 3. Identification of the target population 4. Rationale for the program-built from the background what specific needs are being addressed 5. Choose at least two behavioral change models/theories that can be used motivate your target population to participate in your childhood obesity prevention program. 6. Choose the measures you will use for your program. What instruments are you going to use, BMI, normative data, weight? What will be the final outcome measure? 7. Develop your mission statement, goals and objectives. Include the health education strategy or strategies you will use to attain your goals and objectives. 8. Identify the resources you will need- whether they are internal or external resources. Include financial needs, equipment, space, etc. 9. Include your marketing strategies, how are you going to engage the community that you are targeting. 10. Include a timeline whether it is a simple timeline, a Gantt chart or critical path method for your implementation plan. Is it a six month, a school year, or a 1 year intervention? Also think about when it will start e.g. the beginning of the school year, the beginning of the calendar year, etc. 11. Include how you will evaluate your program. Include how you will do any formative evaluation e.g. pilot testing how will you do your summative evaluation (how will you evaluate success/failure). Consider internal versus external validity. how can you generalize it i.e, make it externally valid, and make it sustainable. You have worked very hard on this program 12. Include a couple of paragraphs for your own reflection of the childhood obesity prevention program you just put together. Include your thoughts about a preventive program plan, future applications of program developmentExplanation / Answer
CHAPTER – I
INTRODUCTION
“We are living in a world today where lemonade is made from artificial flavors and furniture polish is mode from real lemons.”
Alfresh Enewman
Healthy nutritious foods have been replaced by the new food mantra “JUNK FOOD”. Child hood period is a time of steady growth; good nutrition is a high priority. Eating junk food has become a trend. The children hate home made healthy food. Junk food comprises of anything that is quick tasty, convenient and fashionable1. It seems to have engulfed every age i.e., from a 2 year old toddler to a 60 year old grandma, every race seems to be enjoying it every chance they get. And why not? It’s delicious, it’s filling, is really affordable, and readily available just any time of the day, being only a drive through phone call away “Plenty” fast food is all good tasting, except that it is not nutritionally balanced and therefore, unhealthy in the long run if consumed on a regular basis2.
According to food standards agency Junk food is the term describing as food that is perceived to be unhealthy or having poor nutritional value. The term is believed to have been coined by Michael Jacobson, director of the center for science in the public interest, in 1972. The term has become common usage since that time. Junk food includes those food items that do not add any value to a person’s diet. Here values denotes essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals3.
The vast majority of working mothers with school age children are leading to a situation. Parents are not getting time to spend with their children. Traditional food skills are not passed on automatically from parent to child. Enjoying a meal was sharing experiences with the others. Today family dinners are rare. In many ways, out culture is structured to foster poor eating habits. Television commercials and supermarkets are propagating a wide variety of enticing junk foods, attractively packaged and often tagged with a tempting sop1.
In India, the consumer spending rate on processed food had increased at an average rat of 7.6% annually during the year 2008 to 2010 and this was expected to continue as the consumer expense would rise with an average of around 8.6% till the year 2012. 30% of children aged 2-19 years are considered over weight or obese and has been estimated that in 3 children born in the year 2000 will develop diabetes in their life time over the past 3 decades the childhood obesity rate has more doubled for pre-school children aged 2-5 years and adolescents aged, 12-19 years and it has more tripled for children aged 6-11 years4.
According to John Alm, Former President, Coca-Cola Atlanta Journal Constitution, May 5, 2003 (US) reported that.
In India even Chinese food sold in road side stalls is junk food, because they contain high amount of monosodium Glutamate (MSG) which is a flavor enhancer and this MSG is recognized as a health hazard if taken in large quantities. The evidence for this is described below.
Herbert M (1997) conducted a study to determine whether the subjects had a statistical difference in the incidence of their specific symptoms after ingestion of monosodium glutamate (MSG) compared with placebo. The study selected 61 subjects. First 5 gm monosodium glutamate (MSG) was administered in random sequence. Subject who reached only to a single test agent under went rechallenge in random sequence with placebo. The result revealed that 18 (29.5%) responded to neither placebo nor monosodium glutamate. Out of them 6 (9.8%) to both, 15 (24.6%) to placebo and 22 (36.1%) to monosodium glutamate. Total average severity of symptoms after ingestion of monosodium glutamate were greater than after placebo ingestion. The symptoms like headache, muscle tightness, numbness/tingling, general weakness and flushing occurred more frequently after monosodium glutamate ingestion. The study concluded that monosodium glutamate reproduced symptoms in alleged sensitive persons7.
Children who have les vision of the health there is a chance of getting heart disease, cancer, high blood pressure or diabetes that might be fall them decades later, the tentacles of a junk food environment are virtually in escapable, studies reveal that early as the age of 30, arteries could beginning clogging and lay the ground work for future heart attacks. Osteoporosis and hypertension are other diseases that appear to have their earliest roots in child hood when lifelong Eating habits are being formed. Children are especially vulnerable. Poor diets can slow growth, delay new teeth, promote obesity and slow the seeds of infirmity and debilitating disease that ultimately lead to incurable disease and death or worse make life in sufferable8.
Most of the times these junk foods contains. Colors that are laced with colors, those were often inedible, carcinogenic and harmful to the body. These foods and their colors can affect digestive systems, the effects of it emerging after many years. Studies have been found that food coloring earn cause hyperactivity and lapses of concentration in children. Children suffering from learning disabilities are often advised against eating food with artificial coloring. Chocolates, colas, flavored drinks and snack tit bits are full of artificial coloring8.
Junk foods are lollies, soft drinks and carbonated beverages, potato chips, hot chips, ice creams and hamburgers, fried fast foods, chocolate, ice candy and chewing gums and Noodles, pizza, pasta1
Problem statement
A comparative study to assess the knowledge regarding effects of junk food consumption between urban and rural area, among school children, Tirupati.
Need for study
Helping our little ones develop a broad palate and accept new foods is a necessary part of getting nutrients from a variety of food source in to them12.
Changes in our society have intensified the need for food skills to the extent that they need to become a part of child’s basic education for good health and survival. Most people have forgotten that the primary reason for eating is nourishment. Good nutrition is a high priority children must know what they eat effects, how they grow, feel and behave13.
The food habitats in India have changed due to the western influence and the usage of foods is also on the rise and have been a part of everyday life4.
The studies reported that junk foods do not contain any nutrients that are beneficial to the human body. In most cases, these foods are filled with rich carbohydrates, fats and cholesterol that do not provide any useful energy. As a result, somebody consuming junk food has reduced level of essential nutrients there by causing weakness in the body. One disadvantage of consuming junk food is that it contains high amount of oil and fat. As a result, human body finds this food difficult to digest and need to spend high amount of blood in the blood in the body is diverted to the intestine. As a result the person feels drowsy and suffers with reduced concentration14.
According to a national survey of India (2005) at least 30% of adolescents have dental caries, 17% are over weight the problem is growing literally. Overweight teenagers are now a very visible urban phenomenon. In Delhi and Chandhigarh, one in every four teenagers are obese while the study of school children in Chennai shows 18% boys and 16% girls are over weight because of eating habits of unhealthy food items16.
A prospective, observational study was conducted in Karnataka (2003) a prospective, observational analysis on relationship between consumption of sugar sweetened drinks and childhood obesity showed that 30% of children aged 13-16 years are over weight or in the risk of over weight. This study focuses on the trends in childhood nutrition over the past few years, such as changes in fast food and soft drink consumption. This way the study explains the increasing prevalence of over weight in children and critically addresses the issues contributing to these changes in nutrient intake and rural children. Weekly frequency of consumption of junk food was high than major food items such as meat and eggs. This study indicated that replacement of conventional snacks with industrial and processed products is attributable to industrialization and urbanization, increased media coverage and lifestyle changes in both urban and rural regions. It is recommended that education of the parents on making wiser choices for children’s snacks as this is a major component of their diet17.
A study on prevalence of sustained hypertension and obesity in urban and rural school going children was conducted in Ludhiana. A total of 2467 adolescent school children aged between 11-17 years from urban area and 859 students from rural area were taken as subject. Out of 3326 students, 189 were found to have sustained hypertension in urban area. The prevalence was 6.69% (n+165) and in rural area it was 2.565 (n+24). There were 287 (11.63%) over weight students in urban area and 44 (4.7%) in rural area. This is possible related to their sedentary life style and consumption of junk food18.
An article on food and disease showed that drinks that contain phosphorus (especially colas) could lower the level of calcium in the blood causing osteoporosis. Soda pop adds unnecessary, non-nutritious calories to the diet leads to over weight obesity increases the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases and cause severe social and psychological problems. There was a direct relationship between phosphoric acid present in cola beverages and development of kidney stones. Caffeine present in soft drinks can cause nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness and headache. Several additives used in soft drinks cause occasional allergic reactions. High sugar diets may contribute to heart disease in people who are insulin resistant. Artificial sweetness like saccharine and as par tame has been linked with urinary bladder cancer19.
A study conducted in June 2003 in Allahabad city of Uttar Pradesh on socio-cultured and nutritional aspects of fast food consumption among teenagers and youth. The samples were selected from the age of 15-25 years. The sampling technique is stratified random sampling by interview method on their background, dietary habits, reasons for consuming fast food and nutritional parameters using pre-designed and pre tested – schedule. Majority of fast food consumers (68.3%) belonged to age group 15-18 years. Somasas,deep fried Indian snack was the most referred (99.2%) fast food item and pizza (22.8%) came out to be the least preferred item. Chat came out to be the most common fast food item preferred by 99.2% cholabhatura. Preferred by (87.0), cool drinks preferred by (98.4). The study concluded that adoption of fast food culture among restaurant. Indian traditional fast food such as Samosas has retained its most profferen over two decades without any advertisement20.
Hence the investigator felt the need to conducted the study on effects of junk food consumption among school children and update their level of knowledge by providing information booklet.
4. Objectives
5. Hypothesis
There is a significant difference between urban and rural school children’s knowledge and practices regarding effects of junk food consumption.
6. Operational definition
Study : A detailed analysis of a subject.
Assess : To determine or to evaluate
Knowledge : Response given by students on effects of junk food consumption.
Practices : Application of knowledge.
Effect
It means a thing that can be dangerous or cause damage. In this study it means the dangers or damage due to junk food consumption.
Junk food consumption
Junk food means that is quick and easy to prepare by one self. It contains high level of saturated fats, salt or sugar and calorie and low in nutritive value which directly or indirectly posses health hazards.
School children : In this study, if refers to the children whose age is 13 to 15 years.
Assumptions
1. Students might have inadequate knowledge on effects of junk food consumption.
2. The knowledge may differ from student to student.
3. Information booklet will improve the knowledge of students on effects of junk food consumption.
8. Limitation
Period of study was confined to six weeks
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of Literature Comprises Two Parts
Part-I: Literature related to book picture
Part-II: literature related to relevant studies
Part-I
This subsection consists of literature related to book picture on junk food. This is divided in to following sections as follows:-
Introduction
Children find themselves in midst of complex society. That is undergoing breath taking changes. Concepts relationships, lifestyles are metamorphosed to accommodate the new jet setting age. Food is no exception. Healthy nutritious food have been replaced by the new food mantra-junk food. Junk means dispose off. Junk food comprises of any thing that is quick, easy to cary, purchase, consume and fashionable. It seems to have engulfed every age, every race and the newest entrants are children. The commonest scenario is a child , who return from school and plonks himself infront of the television, faithfully accompanied by a bowl of chips and a can of cola. Children suddenly seem to have stepped into a world of fast foods and vending machines, totally unaware of the harm they are creating for them selves1.
Definition
Junk food is an informal term applied to some foods that are perceived to have little or no nutritional value i.e. containing empty calories to products with nutritional values but also have ingredients considered unhealthy when regularly eaten or to those un healthy to consume.
(MICHAEL JACOBSON 1972)
Incidence
In United States in every single day 28 million students eat lunch and 8 million eat breakfast at schools. About 40% of kids in elementary and middle school and 80% most of students prefer to eat junk food that is provided for them by vending machines.
Causes
1.Working mothers
2. Excessive pampering
3.Television ads depicting junk food in a delicious and
tantalizing form also acts as boosters for increasing appetite
for junk food
4.Sometimes eating out junk food in a particular restaurant
or eatery gives children a false pride among friends.
5.Lack of discipline:
6.Changes in life style
7. Extended school23:
Types of Junk food:
It can be classified into 3 types
Advantages
Disadvantages
Health hazards related to Junk foods:
Obesity or excess weight: consumption of soft
drinks containing sugar and other calories,
Low in nutrients has leading the factor in obesity are
Excess weight.
any nutritious values and calcium . It cause slow growth
in the children.
More cool drinks and ice creams prone to get sore
Throat and common cold24.
Prevention of ill effects of Junk foods
Eat a healthy breakfast:
Pack a snack:
Clean sweep
Grocery shop with a list:
Substitute the health y foods for junk foods:
Practice mindful eating:
of junk foods. So that you can know how to stay away from
them25.
REVIEW LITERATURE
PART – II
Review related to socio-demographic variables of junk food
A study conducted in 11th August 2011 on individual and area level socio economic associations with fast food purchasing. A multi level study of 2547 adults from 49 small-areas in Melbourne, Australia, were used. Multi level multinomial models adjusted for confounders were used to assess associations between individual socio and economic position (education, occupation and income) and area. Socio economic characteristics in relation to fast food purchasing from five major fast food chains with out come categories; never at least monthly and at least weekly. The study finally assessed whether any potential area – level associations were medicated by fast food access. Increased fast food purchasing was independently associated with lower education, being a blue. Results for area-level disadvantages were marginally insignificant after adjustment for individual-level characteristics although they were suggestive that living in an area with greater levels of disadvantage increased an individual’s odds of more frequent fast food purchasing. This effect was further attenuated. When measures of fast food restaurant access were included in the models. Independent effect lower individual-level socio and economic characteristics and more frequent fast food. Purchasing for home consumption are demonstrated. Although evidence was suggestive of an independent association with area-level disadvantages this did not reach statistical significance26.
A study conducted in 2011 March on lifestyle and socio economic correlates of breakfast skipping in Hong Kong primary school children. A cross sectional analysis, multivariate logistic regression was used to identify lifestyle and socioeconomic correlates of breakfast skipping .A total of 68,606 children were selected from primary school children .Among them 3,598 subjects (5.2%) usually skipped breakfast. Breakfast skipping was associated with being overweight (odds ratio = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.46 to 1.73) and obese (2.06, 1.80 to 2.36); and unhealthy dietary habits including more frequent junk food (1.23; 1.14 to 1.33) but less frequent fruit / vegetable (1.23, 1.13 to n 1.34) and milk 1.98, 1.80 to 2.16) intake. Breakfast skippers tended to skip lunch, do less extra-curricular physical activity, watch more television and have less educated parents. They concluded that breakfast skipping was significantly related to various health compromising life style characteristics and lower parental education. Breakfast habit can be a potential life style indicator27
Reviews related to junk food consumption
A cross sectional study was conducted in USA to describe foods and beverages consumed at schools in terms of number of serves. The data has been collected from 1001 children aged 4 to 12 years. Food and beverages intake was assessed using a school food check list. The result of the study showed that 39% of children has fruit bars, 59% has packed snacks (potato, corn chips) and 26% had chocolates during their lunch break. Ten percent of children reported using the canteen and fast food .a reduction in energy dense snacks and the promotion of healthy food32.
Sonica, Tucunduva Philippine (2010) conducted to evaluate the consumption of beverages and soft drinks by school children .The study has been selected from the age of 14 to 17 years. The results revealed that most frequently consumed soft drinks (28.6%) and fruit juices (22.2%) and main places were home (38.2%) schools (22.1%). The study concluded that sweet beverages intake was frequently among children .The nutrition education program shoul aim to stimulate the intake of healthier beverages33.
Manpreet Kaur (2008) conducted a study to determine the prevalence of consumption of fast food among school children and their knowledge regarding the food they eat. Study was conducted on 10 different schools comprising of 2636 children The data was obtained by questionnaire. The result revealed that 50% of the children watched fast food being advertised on television and 70% were not aware of the nutritional context of this food consumed by them. The study concluded that children in urban schools liked Junk food but they preferred to have these in between meals and believed that food advertised was healthy34.
Reviews related to causes of junk food
A study conducted in 2010 July on the influence of licensed characters on children’s taste and snack preferences. Forty children age about 4 to 6 years were tested with 3 pairs of identical foods. (graham crackers, jummy fruit snacks, and carrots) presented in packages either with or without a popular cartoon character. Children tasted both food items in each pair and identified that 2 food items will be same and one test is better. Children then selected which of the food items they would prefer to eat for a snack. Children significantly preferred the taste of foods that had popular cartoon characters on the packaging, compared with the same foods without characters. The majority of children selected the food sample with a licensed character. They were concluded branding food packages with licensed characters. Substantially influences. Young Children’s taste preferences and snack selection and does so most strongly for energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods41.
A study on prevalence of sustained hypertension and obesity in urban and rural school going children was conducted in Ludhiana. A total of 2467 adolescent school children aged between 11-17 years from urban area and 859 students from rural area were taken as subject. Out of 3326 students, 189 were found to have sustained hypertension in urban area. The prevalence was 6.69% (n+165) and in rural area it was 2.565 (n+24). There were 287 (11.63%) over weight students in urban area and 44 (4.7%) in rural area. This is possible related to their sendentary life style and consumption of junk food18.
Dixon H G (2007) conducted a cross-sectional survey to examine associations between children’s regular TV viewing habits and their food related attitudes and behavior and an experiment assessing the impact of varying combinations of TV advertisements for unhealthy and healthy foods on children’s dietary knowledge attitude, and intentions. The study selected 919 grade five and six students from different schools in Melbourne, Australia. Data was collected by survey method. Result revealed that ads for nutritious foods promote selected positive attitudes and beliefs concerning these foods. The study concluded that changing the food advertising environment on children’s TV to on where nutritious foods are promoted and Junk foods are relatively unrepresented would help to normalize and reinforce healthy eating42.
Reviews related to health hazards of junk food
An exploratory survey was conducted in October 2010 among the adolescents in a selected institute in Hong Kong with an aim to investigate the prevalence, causes of effects on Junk food on health. Using the questionnaire which elicited characteristics of the subject history of health problem and contributing factors of fast food consumption, it was observed that 47 adolescents out of 60 were reported occurrence of some form o f discomfort in stomach and vomiting after fast food consumption and one third of adolescents experienced worm infestations50.
Across sectional study was conducted in 2010 Aug. on to investigate the prevalence of immediate health hazards of junk foods. The sample is 260 adolescents were selected. A self reported questionnaire was administered among all the grades of students. A high proportion of students reported health problems after fast food were 80%. Among them 59.2% were complained gastritis. This was followed by food allergies51.
A cross sectional study was conducted in nov 2010, on obesity among high school children students kerela ,.India among 8,9and 10 th standard students . the sample size of this study was 1718 and the technique adopted in multistage. Data was collected using pre and post test design structured questionnaire which is self structured. Body mass index was calculated based on physical measurements. The prevalence of over weight and obesity is found to be 18.3%. There is a increased prevalence of over weight/obesity among school children52.
Reviews related to prevention of ill effects of junk food consumption
A study conducted in 2010 March on diabetes by changing life styles. programs to reduce disparities in health. Michella Obama has taken on the epidemic of child hood obesity. Obama is an athletic women with reveal eurves and a member of a minority group with high rates of chronic conditions like asthma, hypertension, and diabetes. Obema has two young girls who are exposed, like their peers, to a barrage of message from the junk food industry and when she was a working mom, she relied on fast food and pizza to feed her kids, who were growing chubby until a doctor suggested she rethink their meals and exercise routines57.
A study conducted in 2010 Aug. on multidisciplinary treatment of pediatric obesity; nutrition evaluation and management. Assessment and treatment method for pediatric obesity are rapidly evolving. Thought to be caused by an imbalance of caloric intake and expenditure, obesity requires a comprehensive evaluation of patient, familial, environmental, genetic and cultural characteristics so clinicians can design successful interventions. Clinicians should tailor interventions by considering patient and family motivation and readiness to change. Current guideline recommends stepwise increases in treatment plans and multidisciplinary treatment teams are recommended for patients who require intense intervention. The current recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of pediatric obesity with a focus on nutrition evaluation as part of a multidisciplinary team58.
A study conducted in 2009 Jul.-Aug. on bring fruit at school ; promotion of healthy food habit in school children. Nutritional and educational guidelines formulated by different organizations and institutions to provide nutritional awareness in the school-age population. But while the guidelines represent a solid starting block they still need to be backed up by programs giving concrete form to the guiding principles, a program whose efficacy is demonstrated by specific applications studies. The aim of the “Bring fruit at school” nutrition education program is to encourage school children to change their eating habits for the better. And in particular to eat more fruit, vegetables, legumes and fish and to cut down on junk food and sugar sweetened drink59.
CHAPTER-III
METHODOLOGY
A non-experimental study was conducted to assess the knowledge regarding effects of junk food consumption of between urban and rural among school children, at Tirupati.
The methodology is presented under the following headings.
Reseach design
Setting
Population
Sample Size
Sampling Technique
Criteria for sample selection
Instrument
Pilot study
Data Collection and
Data analysis
Bibliography
Related Questions
Navigate
Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.