problem 4 Please know: Monosaccharides- Disaccharides- Polysaccharides- Complex

Question

problem 4

Please know:

Monosaccharides-

Disaccharides-

Polysaccharides-

Complex Carbohydrates-

Starch- Where does it come from?   

Made of?

Glycogen- What is it? Where is it stored?

Insoluble Fiber vs. Soluble Fiber

Differences and benefits of each-

How much should we be getting?

Insulin and Glucagon-

What are they?

What purpose do they serve?

How do they regulate blood glucose?

(2 in-class video’s are posted on canvas under files, please review)

Lactose intolerance-

What causes it?

What are the symptoms?

Why?

Lipolysis-

Glycogenolysis-

Diabetes. Types 1 and 2

Explanation / Answer

Simple carbohydrates

Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, and galactose – isomers of each other)

Glucose (also called dextrose and blood sugar) has a six carbon (hexose) ring structure

Fructose (also called levulose) has a six carbon ring structure

Disaccharides

Maltose (glucose + glucose) - commonly used in the production of alcohols

Sucrose (glucose + fructose) - table sugar and plants are the major source

Lactose (glucose + galactose) - primary sugar found in milk and milk products

Complex carbohydrates: Also known as polysaccharides (poly = many), these carbs have more than two units of sugar linked together. Carbs with three to ten units of sugar are sometimes called oligosaccharides.

Starch, a complex carbohydrate found usually in potatoes, corn and rice.

Note: The small amount of glycogen is also found in certain glial cells in the brain.

Soluble fiber is "soluble" in water. When mixed with water it forms a gel-like substance and swells. Soluble fiber has many benefits, including moderating blood glucose levels and lowering cholesterol. The scientific names for soluble fibers include pectins, gums, mucilages, and some hemicelluloses. Good sources of soluble fiber include oats and oatmeal, legumes (peas, beans, and lentils), barley, fruits and vegetables (especially oranges, apples and carrots).

Insoluble fiber does not absorb or dissolve in water. It passes through our digestive system in close to its original form. Insoluble fiber offers many benefits to intestinal health, including a reduction in the risk and occurrence of hemorrhoids and constipation. The scientific names for insoluble fibers include cellulose, lignins, and also some other hemicelluloses. Most of insoluble fibers come from the bran layers of cereal grains.

glucagon is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas. Glucagon is secreted when the blood glucose levels are found to be too low. This is usually when you are fasting, when you exercise, and between meals after insulin has reduced the blood sugar levels. When the blood glucose levels are elevated, glucagon secretion by the alpha cells is shut down.

5.Lactose intolerance is a common digestive problem where the body is unable to digest lactose, a type of sugar mainly found in milk and dairy products.

Symptoms of lactose intolerance usually develop within a few hours of consuming food or drink that contains lactose. They may include:

Note: lactose intolerance is usually seen in children.

6. Lipolysis is the breakdown of lipids which involves hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids. The following hormones regulate lipolysis: glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, ghrelin and growth hormone.

7. Glycogenolysis, or glycogen breakdown, releases glucose when it is needed.

Note: In the liver, glycogen is a glucose reserve for the maintenance of normal blood glucose levels, and its breakdown occurs primarily in the fasted state, e.g. during the nocturnal fast and between meals; during a high intensity physical activity.

8. Diabetes is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high.

Type 1 diabetes (formerly called juvenile-onset or insulin-dependent diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the body's system destroys the cells that release insulin, eventually eliminating insulin production from the body. Without insulin, cells cannot absorb sugar (glucose), which they need to produce energy.

Type 2 diabetes: (formerly called adult-onset or non-insulin-dependent diabetes) can develop at any age. It most commonly becomes apparent during adulthood. In this case the sensitivity of cell is lost, Hence in this case insulin no work.

Use of oral hypoglycemic agents are the alternative in this case e.g. Metformin, phenformin, glibenclamide and gipizide, alfa acarbose, pioglitazone etc.

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