For this topic, you will do the topics from the attached list and construct two

Question

For this topic, you will do the topics from the attached list and construct two one-page concept sketches. Remember that a concept sketch consists of a sketch (or series of sketches), labels, and complete sentences written around the sketch describing the important processes or parts of the sketch. For this topic, select a life topic from the attached list and construct a concept sketch. Remember that a concept sketch consists of a sketch (or series of sketches), labels, and complete sentences written around the sketch describing the important processes or parts of the sketch. Attached list: San Juan Basin and energy resources: the location and structural setting of the basin, the main sequence of rock layers, the environment in which each layer is interpreted to have formed, the types of energy resources discovered in the basin, and how each resource is extracted

NEED SKETCHor series of sketches AND LABELS AND DESCRIBING!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!or series of sketches

NEED SKETCH!

NEED SKETCH

NEED SKETCH

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it doesn't repeat.

Explanation / Answer

Question:  

Discussion on San Juan Basin and energy resources: the location and structural setting of the basin, the main sequence of rock layers, the environment in which each layer is interpreted to have formed, the types of energy resources discovered in the basin, and how each resource is extracted.

Answer:

INTRODUCTION

The San Juan Basin is the most productive source of coalbed methane (CBM) in North
America. Estimated CBM reserves for the basin, which extends from southwest Colorado into
northwest New Mexico (Figure 1.1), are nearly 50 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of gas in place (Ayers,
et al., 1994). Since the initial production of CBM in the basin in the mid 1980s, over 11 Tcf of
gas have been produced from the basin. CBM production from the approximately 1,650 wells
drilled in Colorado exceeds 4.2 Tcf through July 2005.
In conjunction with the production of CBM is the production of water. In contrast to
traditional oil and gas wells where water is generally produced in highest quantities during the
later portion of a well’s life as the hydrocarbon production is falling off, in CBM wells water
production is normally greatest immediately after the well is brought on line. Later, as water
production declines, CBM production increases. This pattern occurs because CBM is sorbed on
the surfaces of the coal itself and is held in place by the hydrostatic pressure of the water that
fills the fractures (known as cleats) of the coal. As water is pumped out of the coal-bearing
formation and the pressure in the formation drops, the gas desorbs from the coal into the cleats
and migrates into the well where it is captured at the ground surface. Eventually, as pressure and
water production decline, gas production increases and a well may have a long productive period
with relatively high gas production and little to no water production. The production curves
shown in Figure 1.2 for three San Juan Basin CBM wells, while distinctly different from each
other, clearly illustrate this pattern.
There are concerns with the amount, quality, uses, and effects of CBM produced water in
the San Juan Basin in Colorado and with how the production of water may be affecting CBM gas
seepage at the surface. Specific to this study, there are concerns that the removal of water from
aquifers that may be tributary to the surface stream system in the San Juan Basin could be
resulting in stream depletions or reductions in spring flows that could cause injury to senior
water rights holders.

While the production of CBM in Colorado and disposal of associated exploration and production waste, including produced water, is regulated by the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (COGCC), the State Engineer’s Office, Division of Water Resources (DWR), has jurisdiction over the removal of groundwater that is put to beneficial use. In addition, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates Class II injection wells
used for the disposal of produced water on the Southern Ute Indian Tribe (SUIT) lands. Because of the joint interest of the COGCC and the DWR in both ensuring efficient production of CBM and in protecting the state’s water resources, the two agencies (with assistance from the Colorado Geologic Survey [CGS]) are embarking on a study to evaluate the magnitude of stream depletions from CBM production and whether a relatively simple analytical tool can be used to administer CBM water production where required. To address the concerns mentioned above,
this initial study addresses the conditions in the San Juan Basin.

Objectives

The primary objectives of this CBM study are:

· To provide an overview of the geologic, hydrologic, water quality and regulatory setting in the Colorado portion ofthe San Juan Basin as it relates to the production of CBM and CBM produced water;
· To implement and evaluate the suitability of a stream depletion analytical tool, the Glover analysis (Glover and Balmer, 1954), to administer CBM water production in the SanJuan Basin;
· To develop a quantitative assessment of the levels of stream depletion or reduction in formation outflows (spring flows or flowing stream systems gaining from contact with formations) that may be occurring as a result of the removal of water by CBM wells.

Scope of Work

CBM in the San Juan Basin is produced primarily from the coals in the Cretaceous age Fruitland Formation. The extent of the Fruitland Formation in Colorado is defined by the well delineated outcrop of the formation along the northern boundary of the San Juan Basin. This study examines existing information relating to the geographic setting, geology, hydrogeology,CBM gas and water production, and water chemistry of the Fruitland and adjacent formations.

Existing information was obtained from the DWR, COGCC, CGS, United States Geological Survey (USGS), and other public domain sources.

A public meeting was advertised and held in Durango on October 24, 2005, as part of this study. The meeting was held for the purpose of informing interested parties of the nature of the study and to solicit input and comments that might be of value to the study team. Comments provided to the study team are included in Appendix A and were considered by the study investigators.
A stream depletion analysis for approximately 1,650 Fruitland Formation CBM production wells in the San Juan Basin was conducted to quantify current and expected future depletions of surface water due to CBM groundwater extraction. This analysis used an automated parameter estimation procedure to identify best estimates for aquifer parameters using historical pumping and pressure data. The results of the stream depletion analysis are considered in conjunction with regulatory criteria for delineation of a nontributary area,wherein the withdrawal of groundwater by a well will not, within 100 years, deplete the flow of a natural stream at an annual rate greater than one tenth of one percent of the annual rate of withdrawal.
The study further examines regulatory and other issues regarding use of CBM produced water. The goal of this study is to provide background regarding CBM production and to evaluate associated CBM produced water stream depletions. As such, there are many related topics or analyses that fall beyond the scope of this study. Topics not evaluated as part of this study include:

· Reservoir optimization, i.e., production or well spacing issues;
· Dual-phase flow dynamics;
· Historical conditions and climatic influences on streams and springs;
· Impacts of other basin extraction activities on streams or water levels; and
· Evaluation of localized groundwater elevation changes at specific sites.

That the above topics are not included in this study is not a reflection of their importance;
rather, it is a reflection of the focus of this study on evaluation of stream depletion.

Available Data and Resources

For the most part, this study draws on existing data and studies to provide an overview of conditions in the basin and to provide well information and CBM and water productiondata. Analysis of depletion similarly relies on existing data; however, while the estimation of aquifer parameters necessary to perform the Glover analysis considers existing studies, the values of the parameters determined for input into the analysis were determined independently of those studies. The studies and datasets used to produce this study report are described below.

Geographic and Geologic Data

A large electronic GIS-based dataset is available that provides physical and political geographic information for the San Juan Basin. The region’s topographic, hydrographic, and cultural details were obtained from public domain sources accessible by internet and from GIS datasets maintained by the CGS and the COGCC. Included in the CGS dataset were detailed information for the geologic outcrops of the formations of interest and the drainages that cross into the San Juan Basin.

Well and Production Data

Oil, gas, and CBM well and production data is systematically collected by the COGCC. Much of their database is available for browsing on the internet at http://oil-gas.state.co.us. For this study, the complete dataset extending back to 1999 was obtained from the COGCC. Additionally, the 3M reservoir modeling study performed by Questa Engineering (Questa,2000) included assembly of CBM gas and water production data extending back to 1985, the time of initial CBM production in the San Juan Basin, in electronic format. These data were obtained from the COGCC website at http://oil-gas.state.co.us/Library/SanJuanBasinReports.htm and merged with the COGCC dataset to produce a substantially complete record of production in the basin through July 2005.

The primary dataset used for the Glover depletion analysis was the monthly gas and water production assembled bythe COGCC and Questa. In addition to providing gas and water production data, the database also provided well completion details, initial pressure data, and in a few cases subsequent pressure data. Pressure data from several CBM monitoring wells were provided by COGCC. Including four production wells, records for 19 wells with continuous pressure measurements were provided.

Aquifer Characteristics

Estimates for Fruitland coal aquifer characteristics (porosity, permeability, storativity) are not abundantly available in the literature. Estimates of permeability are occasionally provided (e.g., Kaiser et al., 1994), however, no detailed studies are known to be publicly available. A small number of shut-in test results that provide transient pressure datahave been extracted from the well and production dataset assembled for this study. Groundwater and reservoir models constructed in the basin (Kaiser et al., 1994; Kernodle, 1996; Applied Hydrology Associates [AHA], 2000; Questa, 2000; and Cox et al., 2001) provide estimates of permeability and storativity for the Fruitland Formation as developed in those investigations.

Stream and Spring Flow Data

Information on the locations of springs and seeps associated with the Fruitland Formation are provided in theDraft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the portion of the San Juan Basin north of the Southern Ute Indian Tribe (SUIT) Reservation (BLM, 2004). Additionally, the CBM producers and the COGCC are currently involved in an effort to gain information on the locations and flows of springs and seeps that occur in and adjacent to the Fruitland Formation and Pictured Cliffs Sandstone and in the alluvium covering them.

Water Quality Data

Major ion water chemistry and total dissolved solids (TDS) are the primary parameters used to evaluate disposition options for CBM produced water. In the San Juan Basin the majority of the water is re-injected because it is the most environmentally sound method to dispose of this waste. Major ion chemistry can be useful for evaluating the sources and rates of travel of groundwater in the Fruitland aquifer system. Primary water quality data were not assembled as part of this study; however, existing characterizations of water quality were reviewed. Similarly, existing characterizations of isotope chemistry were reviewed as they have been found useful by some investigators in examining sources of water and flow pathways and
estimating groundwater ages within the San Juan Basin.

Future Coalbed Methane Production Estimates

A single scenario for future CBM production was prepared for this study based on information provided in the 3M modeling efforts (AHA, 2000; Questa, 2000), COGCC well spacing orders for the San Juan Basin, which are available on the COGCC website at http://oilgas.state.co.us/, review of scenarios presented in the Draft EIS (BLM, 2004), and discussion with COGCC personnel. This scenario provides a reasonable representation of a future condition for the purposes of this analysis.

Reference source:

https://cogcc.state.co.us/documents/library/.../SanJuanBasin/CMSDA_Study.pdf

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