Bedrock can remain buried underground for millions to billions of years. However

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Bedrock can remain buried underground for millions to billions of years. However, when it is exposed to wear and sit as Earth's surface in weathers chemically and physically. For example, acidic water reacts with potassium and to make clay minerals plus water containing dissolved silica (hydro acidic acid) and metallic ions (K, Na, Ca). This is one of the main sources of clay found in soil and wore away into rivers and the ocean. The metals in many minerals oxidize (combine with oxygen) to form metal oxides like limonite ("rusty" iron) and hematite and observe samples of both. What is the color and chemical formula for hematite? (Refer to Minerals Database, page 95) What is the color and chemical formula for limonite? (Refer to Minerals Database, page 96) As iron oxides form, they act like glue to cement together of sediment, like the "sandstone" above. Which iron oxide mineral has cemented together this ? How can you tell? Powder some limonite in a mortar and and none its true streak color (yellow-brown). Put on safety goggles. In a fume hood or behind a glass shield, heat some of the powder in the Pytex test tube over the Bunsen burner. Be sure to point the test tube at an angle, away from people. After about a minute of heating, pour the box limonite powder onto the foil on the table. What happened to the yellow-brown limonite? Why? REFLECT & DISCUSS The rapid chemical change that you observed above can occur quickly only at temperatures like those above the Bunsen burner. However, some modern desert soils do contain hematite and appear red. How can that be?

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