help with 3 questions Answers must be in essay form. This means complete sentenc
ID: 1084212 • Letter: H
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help with 3 questions
Answers must be in essay form. This means complete sentences and ideally an introductory and concluding sentence. Labeled diagrams may be used to supplement discussion, but in no case will a diagram alone suffice. List, outline, or table format will not count for any points. ( Describe the steps of the scientific method, indicating for each step its importance. Be sure to clearly define a hypothesis and how it fits into the subsequent steps. Choose two of the four emergent properties of water that we discussed. For each, describe why or how the structure of water allows for it to have that property. Give a specific example where that property is important or vital to living organisms. Choose two of the four classes of organic molecules. For each state the name of the monomer, identify any chemical functional groups and the characteristics they provide the molecules, as well as a specific example of function. 3.Explanation / Answer
1)The scientific method refers to bodies of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. A scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.
Steps of the Scientific Method
2) . Water's High Polarity
Scientists are naturally curious about the world. While many people may pass by a curious phenomenon without sparing much thought for it, a scientific mind will take note of it as something worth further thought and investigation.
After making an interesting observation, a scientific mind itches to find out more about it. This is in fact a natural phenomenon. If you have ever wondered why or how something occurs, you have been listening to the scientist in you. In the scientific method, a question converts general wonder and interest to a channelled line of thinking and inquiry.
A hypothesis is an informed guess as to the possible answer of the question. The hypothesis may be formed as soon as the question is posed, or it may require a great deal of background research and inquiry. The purpose of the hypothesis is not to arrive at the perfect answer to the question but to provide a direction to further scientific investigation. (A hypothesis is a statement that can be used to predict the outcome of future observations. The null hypothesis, or no-difference hypothesis, is a good type of hypothesis to test. This type of hypothesis assumes no difference between two states. Here is an example of a null hypothesis: 'the rate at which grass grows is not dependent on the amount of light it receives'. Even if I think that light affects the rate at which my grass grows (probably not as much as rain, but that's a different hypothesis), it is easier to disprove that light has no effect than to get into complicated details about 'how much light', or 'wavelength of light', etc. However, these details can become their own hypotheses (stated in null form) for further experimentation. It is easiest to test separate variables in separate experiments. In other words, don't test the effects of light and water at the same time until after you have tested each separately. )
Once a hypothesis has been formed, it must be tested. This is done by conducting a carefully designed and controlled experiment. The experiment is one of the most important steps in the scientific method, as it is used to prove a hypothesis right or wrong, and to formulate scientific theories. In order to be accepted as scientific proof for a theory, an experiment must meet certain conditions – it must be controlled, i.e. it must test a single variable by keeping all other variables under control. The experiment must also be reproducible so that it can be tested for errors.
As the experiment is conducted, it is important to note down the results. In any experiment, it is necessary to conduct several trials to ensure that the results are constant. The experimenter then analyses all the data and uses it to draw a conclusion regarding the strength of the hypothesis. If the data proves the hypothesis correct, the original question is answered. On the other hand, if the data disproves the hypothesis, the scientific inquiry continues by doing research to form a new hypothesis and then conducting an experiment to test it. This process goes on until a hypothesis can be proven correct by a scientific experiment.
Water is a polar molecule that has a high level of polarity and attraction to ions and other polar molecules.
Water can form hydrogen bonds, which make it a powerful solvent. Water molecules are attracted to other molecules that contain a full charge, like an ion, a partial charge, or polar. Salt (NA+ CL-) dissolves in water. Water molecules surround the salt molecules and separate the NA+ from the CL- by forming hydration shells around those two individual ions.
Water forms (weak) Hydrogen bonds. (This is why when water freezes, it expands.) Liquid H2O molecules (water) bounce around pretty freely and form transient H-bonds, but in their solid state, H2O molecules form a rigid crystal lattice (I picture this like a chain-link fence, where each intersection is a molecule and each bar is a Hydrogen bond). The bonds in the crystal lattice are father apart than the brief H-bonds in water, which makes ice less dense than water. This is super important because it allows the top layers of many bodies of water to freeze, without freezing the water all the way through. This insulates the water below, and allows for life to thrive under the ice. It also allows my grandpa to go ice fishing in the winter.
Water's High-Specific Heat
Water can moderate temperature because of the two properties: high-specific heat and the high heat of vaporization.
High-specific heat is the amount of energy that is absorbed or lost by one gram of a substance to change the temperature by 1 degree celsius. Water molecules form a lot of hydrogen bonds between one another. In turn, a lot of energy is needed to break down those bonds. Breaking the bonds allows individual water molecules to move freely about and have a higher temperature. In other words: if there are a lot of individual water molecules moving about, they’ll create more friction and more heat, which means a higher temperature.
The hydrogen bonds between water molecules absorb the heat when they break and release heat when they form, which minimizes temperature changes. Water helps maintain a moderate temperature of organisms and environments.
Water takes a long time to heat up, and holds its temperature longer when heat is not applied.
Universal Solvent - A solvent is defined as a substance capable of dissolving another, or a solute, to form a homogeneous mixture at the molecular level. As water is a polar molecule, it is an excellent solvent, especially for other polar compounds including salts, algcohols, and carboxyl compounds.
3) Organic compounds are called "organic" because they are associated with living organisms. These molecules form the basis for life.
There are four main types or classes of organic compounds that are found in all living things. These are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Carbohydrates - Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates have the general molecular formulaCH2O
Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in carbohydrate molecules is 2:1. Organisms use carbohydrates as energy sources, structural units, as well as for other purposes. Carbohydrates are the largest class of organic compounds found in organisms.
Carbohydrates are classified according to how many subunits they contain. Simple carbohydrates are called sugars. A sugar made of one unit is a monosaccharide. If two units are joined together, a disaccharide is formed. More complex structures form when these smaller units link to each other to form polymers. Examples of these larger carbohydrate compounds include starch and chitin.
Carbohydrate Examples:
Lipids - Organic Compounds
Lipids are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Lipids have a high hydrogen to oxygen ratio than is found in carbohydrates. The three major groups of lipids are triglycerides (fats, oils, waxes), steroids, and phospholipids. Triglycerides consist of three fatty acids joined to a molecule of glycerol. Steroids each have a backbone of four carbon rings joined to each other. Phospholipids resemble triglycerides except there is a phosphate group in place of one of the fatty acid chains.
Lipids are used for energy storage, to build structures, and as signal molecules to help cells communicate with each other.
Lipid Examples:
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