Thank you. Pre-Laboratory Assignment 1. What precautions must be taken when usin

Question

Thank you. Pre-Laboratory Assignment 1. What precautions must be taken when using concentrated acids? 2. (a) At what position will electrophilic aromatic substitution occur for the following compounds? toluene bromobenzene phenol nitrobenzene benzoic acid benzaldehyde (b) In the list above, which compound is the most reactive? Briefly explain. (e) Which compound is the least reactive? Briefly explain. 3. Using the quantities given in the Procedure, calculate the theoretical yields for the mononitration of (a) acetaniltide and (b) methyl benzoate. Record your results here and in your laboratory notebook.

Explanation / Answer

1. Precautions to be taken while using a concentrated acid are:

a) You must be wearing lab coat, long pants(not shorts), boots, gloves and goggles over the eye, these are to protect your body if acid accidently falls down.

b) Never bring an concentrated acid near your eye, acids like fuming nitric acid can harm your eyes, if brought even closure to the eyes.

c) Never smell a conventrated acid directly, place it atleast 15 cm away from nose and try to blow its smell towards your nose with the help of your hand.

2. a) Bromobenzene - ortho and para positions

Nitrobenzene - meta position

Benzoic acid - meta positon

Toluene - ortho and para positions

Phenol - ortho and para positions

Benzaldehyde - meta position

b) Phenol is most reactive since it is ortho and para directing, because -OH is an activating group and easily donates its lone pairs, so it increases electron concentration over the ring, activating it towards the electrophilic reaction.

c) Nitrobenzene is least reactive, since it is meta directing because NO2 is a deactivating group and it makes the ring highly electron deficient leaving it least reactive towards electrophilic substitution.

3) For this question, i will need the quantities mentioned about, in the question.

Post lab questions-

1) i) wavelength range is 3300 cm-1 to 1700 cm-1

ii) Major bonds causing peaks are, C=O, N-H

2) i) wavelength range is 4000 cm-1 to 3500 cm-1

ii) Major bonds causing peaks are C=O,N-H and N=O.

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