Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building ent) (elastic, competent) solids bend

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Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building ent) (elastic, competent) solids bend and snap back and can break. Ductile (plastic, (differential ted pressure (i.e. tension, compression, and shear) lor ductile or both (elasticoviscous). Which of these Rock deformation can be mechanical states exists depends of geostatic pressure rate of strain and favors now. For example, basalt at room temperature is three rock strength to breakage) transitions it is at 800°C. Vise versa, temperature decrease strengthens as it is at 700 asthenosphere rock. For example, thosphere by below a temperature of 400 C lithosp pressure that acts on a person of the overbu which tension Geostatic pressure is all sided like positive as it is just the weight under water. In crystalline rocks its value is less pore to that depth. However, in a of ve as it is the weight In permeable rocks its value is positive as it is the weight of the is the weight of the fluid (usually water) that fills will be negati layer of permeable rock cap by an ble layer its lue the impermeal va when less pore pressure that is oil is at risk of blowouts hydrostatic permeable layer. For this reason, a hole drilled in search for, say, under high standard precautiona measure of keeping the hole filled with heavy mud and so pressure proves to be inadequate. that result refers to the building (coming into being structures and land form this model, from the deformation of rock masses. Much is now understood in plate In to each Earth's (outer rocky shell is in several pieces that move with respect exists where plates move apart. Crustal exists where plates move toward each other. crustal exists where plates move past each other. shear Motions are slow and rates of strain are ofthe order of cm/yr. Continental lithosphere consists of two layers the upper layer is granitic continental crust (density 2.7 cm and thickness 25-70 km) and it noats in the peridotitic rock (density 3.3 glcm' and thickness 00 km of the uppermost below. The boundary between the two layers is a detectable mantle boundary called the moho. In continental crust, at shallow, less than 10-15 km, depth, rock behaves geotectonically as a brittle solid. Fractures that occur are near-surface joints and through-going faults. At intermediate (15-20 km) depths, and temperatures greater than about 300 C, elasticoviscous behavior occurs. Earthquakes, caused by sudden slip on faults, generally originate at depths of 20 km or less. At greater depth, in response to the progressive increase in geostatic pressure and high geothermal-gradient temperatures formation is the rule. Deformations that produce wave-like structures called folds can at any ofthese levels, however the style of the folding different as will be described below. n each is characteristically

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