How would the following errors affect the final computed molarity of the unkowna

Question

How would the following errors affect the final computed molarity of the unkownacid ( increase, decrease, or no effect)?

1)what is the affect on the molairty of the unkown acid if the student consistently reads the top of the meniscus of NaOH solution in the burette instead of the bottom of the meniscus

2) the student decides to use only about 0.3 g KHP during the standardization instead of 0.5 g

3) the student uses 5.00 mL of distilled water to rinse down the side of the beaker containing the sample of unkown acid before the titration begins, and then for the calculation puposes adds this volume to the orginal pipetted volume of unknown acid solution

Explanation / Answer

1.This will result in extra volume consideration for the neutralisation of acid than normal .And hence this will increase the molarity of acid than actual .

2.As for standardization calculated amount is 0.5g so by using 0.3g of KHP the molarity of NaOH will be considered more than the actual and hence the molarity of the acid will also more than the actual.

3.this will decrease the molarity than actual.

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