The reason(s) why positively charged divalent counterions are better coagulants

Question

The reason(s) why positively charged divalent counterions are better coagulants or flocculants of negatively charged particles is because of the following (Yes or No) a) They screen the electrostatic repulsion better. b) They are more hydrated. c) They have lower kinetic energy. d) They bind more easily and whence lower the surface charge more easily e) They can bridge two surfaces by virtue of having two charges. f) They enhance the hydrophobic attraction. 8) They weigh down more on the particles to which they bind.

Explanation / Answer

(a) : yes (as they contain dipositive charge hence can screen the negative charges for well)

(b) : yes (as they are small in size. Charge/radius ratio is very high)

(c) : yes (as they have less number of electrons)

(d) : yes (as they have dipositive charges when bind with the surface stabilises to the greater extent)

(e) : yes

(f) : no (they are polar in nature so can not increase the hydrophobic interaction)

(g) : no

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