A recent study investigated the feasibility of transplanting a pig heart into an

Question

A recent study investigated the feasibility of transplanting a pig heart into another mammal. After three days, the cardiac muscle cell membranes in the pig heart contained numerous, destructive pores. These pores were intentionally formed by which part of the innate immune system? Chitinase Response Complement System Lysozyme Response Phagocytosis Response Inflammation Prolonged stress increases the risk of weight gain. How? Anti-Histamine Ghrelin Glucocorticoids Glucagon Histamine An effective immune system must not - Ignore self-molecules Be precisely activated Be precisely deactivated Be randomly activated Respond to foreign molecules Some people feel a strong emotional attachment to their dogs. Which hormone is associated with this emotional connection? Ghrelin Insulin Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids None of the above Which innate immune system component reduces iron levels in blood, increases phagocytosis, reduces tissue damage, and stimulates tissue repair? Mucous Membrane Shedding Defensin Response Fever Response Inflammatory Response Complement System

Explanation / Answer

36. Complement system

In organ/tissue transplant, complement system is responsible for tissue injury. This occurs by complement-mediated endothelial injury where in pores are formed on the cell membrane.

37. Glucocorticoid

Glucocorticoids are corticosteroids – a class of steroid hormones. The most important glucocorticoid in human is cortisol. Cortisol is referred to as stress hormone. The levels of cortisol increases during stress which leads to increase in insulin levels, decrease in sugar levels. This makes us want for and eat more sugary and fatty food. This may lead to overeating which may turn to a habit resulting in weight gain.

38. Be randomly activated

One of the important characteristics of an effective immune system is specificity. Specificity means the immune system is triggered by a certain antigen and the immune system acts on that specific antigen.

39. None of the above

The hormone responsible for human’s emotional attachment to dogs is oxytocin. Oxytocin is referred to as “love hormone”. An eye contact with a dog stimulates release of oxytocin in the human brain. This is similar to the strengthening of attachment between a mother and baby during eye contact, which is caused by release of the same hormone oxytocin.

40. Inflammatory response

Inflammation is one of the first innate immune response to any sort of infection. The damaged cells release chemical factors which triggers immune response. The first step of inflammation is phagocytosis which occurs in specialized cells (eg- macrophages) which swallows and removes the pathogens. Inflammatory response also eliminates initial tissue damage and initiates tissue repair. Cytokines involved in this innate immune response increases body temperature and reduces iron flow into blood which can help reduce pathogen replication.

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