Humans breathe in air containing higher levels of oxygen and breathe out air con

Question

Humans breathe in air containing higher levels of oxygen and breathe out air containing higher levels of carbon dioxide. Most of this carbon dioxide comes from. A) citric acid cycle B) glycolysis C) electron transport chain D) all of the above Fats have an even number of carbon atoms in their structures and are catabolized into acetyl groups. What is the most likely fate of the acetyl groups? A) they directly enter the electron transport chain B) they enter the payoff steps of glycolysis C) they enter the citric acid cycle D) none of the above, fats are not used for energy When glucose monomers are joined together to form a cellulose polymer, which of the following are most likely true? A) +delta G, + delta H, - delta s, continuous input of energy, endergonic B) -delta G, +delta H, +delta S, continuous input of energy, endergonic C) +delta G, +delta H, +delta S, release of energy, exergonic D) -delta H, -delta H, -delta S, release of energy, exergonic Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of thermodynamics? A) Every energy transformation by a cell decreases the entropy of the universe B) Without an input of energy, organisms would tend toward decreasing entropy C) Conversion of energy from one from to another is always accompanied by some gain in free energy D) Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization Bonus: Who won the Nobel Prize this year (2016) in Medicine/Physiology?

Explanation / Answer

Q 47) A- The maximum number of CO2 comes from the Citric acid cycle. For each acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle, two carbon dioxide molecules are released in reactions that are coupled with the production of NADH molecules from the reduction of NAD + molecules. While NO CO2 is released during electron transport chain as well glycolysis.

Q48) C- The acetyl groups that break off from the citric acid again enter the cycle and joins pyruvic acid. This again forms the much needed citric acid and the cycles goes on, without any hindrance.They can't enter electron transport chain and glycolysis as the site of action o=are very different.

Q49) A- Glucose is a monomer which joins together to form a polymer of cellulose. This process is accompanied by a rise of Gibb's free energy as well as the enthalpy. The positive enthalpy indicates that this is an Endothermic process, and thus requires a continuous input of energy. Also, they is a decrease in entropy as the randomness i decreasing.

Q50) C- According to the second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can only increase over time. It can remain constant in ideal cases where the system is in a steady state (equilibrium) or undergoing a reversible process. A cell is a perfect example in which the energy is continuously transferred from one form to another. Also converting energy from one form to another results in the production of free energy.

Q51) A- Yoshinori Ohsumi is a Japanese cell biologist specializing in autophagy, the process that cells use to destroy and recycle cellular components. He won the Nobel prize in Medical.

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